I-Turbidity yimpembelelo ye-optical ephuma ekusebenzisaneni kokukhanya kunye namasuntswana amisiweyo kwisisombululo, ngokuqhelekileyo amanzi. Amasuntswana amisiweyo, njengentlenga, udongwe, i-algae, i-organic matter, kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo, zisasaza ukukhanya okudlula kwisampulu yamanzi. Ukusasazwa kokukhanya ngamasuntswana anqunyanyisiweyo kwesi sisombululo samanzi kuvelisa i-turbidity, ebonisa inqanaba apho ukukhanya kuthintelwe xa kudlula kumaleko wamanzi. I-turbidity ayisosalathiso sokubonisa ngokuthe ngqo ukuxinana kwamasuntswana amisiweyo kulwelo. Ibonisa ngokungangqalanga ukuxinwa kweengqungquthela ezimisiweyo ngokuchazwa kwesiphumo sokusabalalisa ukukhanya kweengqungquthela ezimisiweyo kwisisombululo. Okukhona ukuqina kokukhanya okusasazekileyo, kokukhona kugxuphuleka kumxube omanzi .
Indlela yokuQinisekisa iTrubidity
I-turbidity yimbonakaliso yeempawu ze-optical zesampulu yamanzi kwaye ibangelwa ubukho bezinto ezinganyibiliki emanzini, ezibangela ukuba ukukhanya kusasazeke kwaye kufunxe kunokuba kudlule isampuli yamanzi ngomgca othe ngqo. Sisalathisi esibonisa iimpawu ezibonakalayo zamanzi endalo kunye namanzi okusela. Isetyenziselwa ukubonisa iqondo lokucaca okanye ukuchithwa kwamanzi, kwaye yenye yezibonakaliso ezibalulekileyo zokulinganisa ukulunga komgangatho wamanzi.
Ukugruzuka kwamanzi endalo kubangelwa yinto entle emisiweyo efana nentlenga yentlenga, udongwe, izinto eziphilayo nezingaphilayo, izinto eziphilayo ezinombala onyibilikayo, kunye neplankton kunye nezinye iimicroorganisms emanzini. Ezi zinto zinqunyanyisiweyo zinokubhengeza iibhaktheriya kunye neentsholongwane, ngoko ke i-turbidity ephantsi inceda ukubulawa kweentsholongwane emanzini ukuze kubulawe iintsholongwane kunye neentsholongwane, okuyimfuneko ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukhuseleko lwamanzi. Ke ngoko, unikezelo lwamanzi olukwindawo esembindini aneemeko zobugcisa ezigqibeleleyo kufuneka luzame ukubonelela ngamanzi ngodaka oluphantsi kangangoko. I-turbidity yamanzi yefektri iphantsi, enenzuzo ekunciphiseni iphunga kunye nencasa yamanzi e-chlorinated; kunceda ukukhusela ukuveliswa kweebhaktheriya kunye nezinye i-microorganisms. Ukugcina i-turbidity ephantsi kuyo yonke inkqubo yokuhanjiswa kwamanzi kuthanda ubukho bomthamo ofanelekileyo wentsalela yeklorini.
I-turbidity yamanzi etephu kufuneka ibonakaliswe kwiyunithi ye-turbidity esasazekileyo ye-NTU, engafanele idlule i-3NTU, kwaye ingadluli kwi-5NTU phantsi kweemeko ezizodwa. Ubunzima bamanzi amaninzi enkqubo nawo kubalulekile. Izityalo zesiselo, iiplanti zokulungisa ukutya, kunye nezityalo zokucocwa kwamanzi ezisebenzisa amanzi angaphezulu ngokubanzi zixhomekeke kwi-coagulation, intlenga, kunye nokucoca ukuqinisekisa imveliso eyonelisayo.
Kunzima ukuba nokulungelelaniswa phakathi kwe-turbidity kunye noxinaniso lobuninzi bezinto ezimisiweyo, kuba ubukhulu, imilo, kunye ne-refractive index of particles nazo zichaphazela iimpawu ze-optical zokumiswa. Xa ulinganisa i-turbidity, yonke i-glassware edibene nesampuli kufuneka igcinwe kwiimeko ezicocekileyo. Emva kokucoca nge-hydrochloric acid okanye i-surfactant, hlambulula ngamanzi acocekileyo kwaye ukhuphe. Iisampulu zathathwa kwiibhotile zeglasi ezinezithinteli. Emva kwesampuli, ezinye iinqununu ezimisiweyo ziyakwazi ukukhawuleza kwaye zidibanise xa zibekwe, kwaye azikwazi ukubuyiselwa emva kokuguga, kwaye i-microorganisms inokutshabalalisa iipropati zezinto eziqinileyo, ngoko kufuneka zilinganiswe ngokukhawuleza. Ukuba ukugcinwa kuyimfuneko, kufuneka kugweme ukudibanisa nomoya, kwaye kufuneka kufakwe kwigumbi elimnyama elibandayo, kodwa lingabi ngaphezu kwe-24h. Ukuba isampuli igcinwe kwindawo ebandayo, buyela kwiqondo lokushisa ngaphambi kokulinganisa.
Okwangoku, ezi ndlela zilandelayo zisetyenziswa ukulinganisa ubugxwayiba bamanzi:
(1) Uhlobo lokudluliselwa (kubandakanya i-spectrophotometer kunye nendlela ebonwayo): Ngokomthetho kaLambert-Beer, i-turbidity yesampulu yamanzi inqunywe ngamandla okukhanya okugqithisiweyo, kunye ne-logarithm engalunganga ye-turbidity yesampuli yamanzi kunye nokukhanya. Ukuhanjiswa kukwimo yobudlelwane bomgca, kokukhona i-turbidity iphezulu, kokukhona kusezantsi ukuhanjiswa kokukhanya. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuphazamiseka komthubi kumanzi endalo, amanzi amachibi kunye namadama aqulethe izinto eziphilayo ezifunxa ukukhanya ezifana ne-algae, ekwaphazamisa ukulinganisa. Khetha ubude obungama-680rim ukunqanda uphazamiseko olutyheli noluhlaza.
2 ukumiselwa kweesampulu zamanzi injongo yonxunguphalo. Xa ukukhanya kwesiganeko kuhlakazwa ngamaqhekeza kunye nobukhulu be-1/15 ukuya kwi-1/20 ye-wavelength yesiganeko sokukhanya, ukuqina kuhambelana ne-Rayleigh formula, kunye neengqungquthela ezinobungakanani obukhulu kune-1/2 ye-wavelength. Ukukhanya kwesiganeko kubonakalisa ukukhanya. Ezi meko zimbini zinokumelwa ngu-Ir∝D, kwaye ukukhanya kwi-engile yeedigri ezingama-90 ngokuqhelekileyo kusetyenziswa njengokukhanya okuphawulwe ukulinganisa ukungqubana.
3 ukukhanya okubonakalisiweyo Kwaye, ukulinganisa i-turbidity yesampuli. Ngenxa yokuba ubukhulu bokukhanya okugqithisiweyo kunye nokusasazwayo kulinganiswa ngexesha elifanayo, linovakalelo oluphezulu phantsi kobunzima bokukhanya okufanayo.
Phakathi kwezi ndlela zintathu zingentla, i-turbidimeter yokusasaza-i-transmission ingcono, i-sensitivity ephezulu, kwaye i-chromaticity kwisampuli yamanzi ayiphazamisi ukulinganisa. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yobunzima besixhobo kunye nexabiso eliphezulu, kunzima ukukhuthaza nokuyisebenzisa kwi-G. Indlela ebonakalayo ithonywe kakhulu yi-subjectivity. G Enyanisweni, umlinganiselo wobunzima kakhulu usebenzisa imitha ye-turbidity yokuchithachitha. Ubunzima bamanzi bubangelwa ubukhulu becala ngamasuntswana afana nentlenga emanzini, kwaye ubunzulu bokukhanya okuthe saa bukhulu kunobo bokukhanya okufunxekileyo. Ke ngoko, imitha ye-turbidity echithachithayo inovakalelo ngakumbi kunemitha ye-turbidity yothumelo. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba i-turbidimeter yohlobo lokusabalalisa isebenzisa ukukhanya okumhlophe njengomthombo wokukhanya, umlinganiselo wesampuli usondele kwinyani, kodwa i-chromaticity iphazamisa ukulinganisa.
I-turbidity ilinganiswa ngendlela yokulinganisa ukukhanya okuthe saa. Ngokomgangatho we-ISO 7027-1984, imitha ye-turbidity ehlangabezana nezi mfuno zilandelayo ingasetyenziswa:
(1) I-wavelength λ yokukhanya kwesiganeko yi-860nm;
(2) Isiganeko se-spectral bandwidth △λ ingaphantsi okanye ilingana ne-60nm;
(3) Ukukhanya kwesiganeko esihambelanayo akuhlukani, kwaye naluphi na ugxininiso aludluli kwi-1.5 °;
(4) I-engile yokulinganisa θ phakathi kwe-axis ye-optical yokukhanya kwesiganeko kunye ne-optical axis yokukhanya okusasaziweyo yi-90±25°
(5) I-engile yokuvula ωθ emanzini ngama-20°～30°.
kunye nengxelo egunyazisiweyo yeziphumo kwiiyunithi ze-formazin turbidity
① Xa i-turbidity ingaphantsi kwe-1 ye-formazin yeyunithi yokuchithachitha i-turbidity, ichanekile ukuya kwi-0.01 yeyunithi yokusasazeka kwe-formazin;
②Xa i-turbidity iyi-1-10 ye-formazin yokuchithachitha iiyunithi ze-turbidity, ichanekile kwi-0.1 ye-formazin yokuchithachitha iiyunithi ze-turbidity;
③ Xa i-turbidity iyi-10-100 ye-formazin yokuchithachitha iiyunithi ze-turbidity, ichanekile kwi-1 formazin iyunithi yokuchithachitha i-turbidity;
④ Xa i-turbidity ingaphezulu okanye ilingana ne-100 ye-formazin yokuchithachitha iiyunithi ze-turbidity, iya kuchaneka kwiiyunithi ezili-10 ze-formazin zokuchithachitha.
1.3.1 Amanzi angena-turbidity kufuneka asetyenziselwe imigangatho yokuxutywa okanye iisampulu zamanzi axutyiweyo. Indlela yokulungiselela amanzi angenayo i-turbidity yile ilandelayo: dlulisa amanzi adibeneyo nge-membrane filter kunye nobukhulu be-pore ye-0.2 μm (i-membrane yokucoca esetyenziselwa ukuhlolwa kwebhaktheriya ayikwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno), hlambulula i-flask yokuqokelela ngamanzi ahluziweyo ubuncinane. kabini, kwaye Lahla i-200 mL elandelayo. Injongo yokusebenzisa amanzi adibeneyo kukunciphisa impembelelo yezinto eziphilayo kwi-ion-exchange yamanzi acocekileyo ekuzimiseleni, kunye nokunciphisa ukukhula kweebhaktheriya emanzini acocekileyo.
1.3.2 I-Hydrazine sulfate kunye ne-hexamethylenetetramine zinokufakwa kwi-silica gel desiccator ngobusuku ngaphambi kokulinganisa.
1.3.3 Xa iqondo lokushisa lokuphendula likuluhlu lwe-12-37 ° C, akukho siphumo esicacileyo kwisizukulwana se-(formazin) i-turbidity, kwaye akukho polymer eyenziwa xa iqondo lokushisa lingaphantsi kwe-5 ° C. Ngoko ke, ukulungiswa kwe-formazin turbidity isisombululo esiqhelekileyo sesitokhwe sinokwenziwa kwiqondo lokushisa eliqhelekileyo legumbi. Kodwa ubushushu bokusabela buphantsi, ukunqunyanyiswa kutsalwa ngokulula yi-glassware, kwaye iqondo lobushushu liphezulu kakhulu, elinokubangela ukuba ixabiso eliqhelekileyo le-turbidity ephezulu lehle. Ke ngoko, ubushushu bokwakheka kweformazin bulawulwa ngcono kwi-25±3 °C. Ixesha lokuphendula le-hydrazine sulfate kunye ne-hexamethylenetetramine liphantse ligqitywe kwiiyure ze-16, kwaye i-turbidity yemveliso yafikelela kubuninzi emva kweeyure ze-24 zokuphendula, kwaye akukho mmahluko phakathi kwe-24 kunye ne-96 iiyure. i
1.3.4 Ukuqulunqwa kwe-formazin, xa i-pH yesisombululo se-aqueous i-5.3-5.4, iinqununu ziyi-ring-shaped, i-fine and uniform; xa i-pH imalunga ne-6.0, iinqununu zilungile kwaye zixinene ngendlela yeentyatyambo zeengcongolo kunye neentyantyambo; Xa i-pH iyi-6.6, amasuntswana afana nekhephu amakhulu, aphakathi kunye namancinci ayakhiwa.
1.3.5 Isisombululo esiqhelekileyo esine-turbidity ye-400 degrees singagcinwa kwinyanga enye (nangona isiqingatha sonyaka kwifriji), kunye nesisombululo esiqhelekileyo kunye ne-turbidity ye-5-100 degrees asiyi kutshintsha ngeveki.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jul-19-2023
