Umgangatho wamanzi: Ukumiselwa kwe-turbidity (GB 13200-1991)" ibhekiselele kumgangatho wamazwe ngamazwe we-ISO 7027-1984 "Umgangatho wamanzi - Ukumiselwa kwe-turbidity". Lo mgangatho uchaza iindlela ezimbini zokumisela i-turbidity emanzini. Inxalenye yokuqala yi-spectrophotometry, esebenzayo kumanzi okusela, amanzi endalo kunye namanzi aphezulu e-turbidity, kunye nobuncinci bokufunyanwa kwe-turbidity ye-3 degrees. Inxalenye yesibini yi-turbidimetry ebonakalayo, esebenzayo kumanzi aphantsi aphantsi njengamanzi okusela kunye nomthombo wamanzi, kunye ne-turbidity encinci yokufumanisa i-degree ye-1. Kufuneka kungabikho nkunkuma kunye namasuntswana alula ukutshona emanzini. Ukuba izitya ezisetyenzisiweyo azihlambulukanga, okanye kukho iibhubhu ezinyibilikayo kunye nezinto ezinemibala emanzini, ziya kuphazamisa ukuzimisela. Kwiqondo lokushisa elifanelekileyo, i-hydrazine sulfate kunye ne-hexamethylenetetramine i-polymerize ukwenza i-polymer emhlophe ephezulu ye-molecular, esetyenziswa njengesisombululo esiqhelekileyo se-turbidity kwaye xa kuthelekiswa ne-turbidity yesampuli yamanzi phantsi kweemeko ezithile.
I-turbidity idla ngokusebenza ekumiselweni kwamanzi endalo, amanzi okusela kunye nomgangatho wamanzi athile kwimizi-mveliso. Isampulu yamanzi eza kuvavanywa i-turbidity kufuneka ivavanywe ngokukhawuleza, okanye ifakwe efrijini kwi-4 ° C kwaye ivavanywe kwiiyure ezingama-24. Ngaphambi kokuvavanya, isampuli yamanzi kufuneka ishukunyiswe ngamandla kwaye ibuyiselwe kwiqondo lokushisa.
Ubukho bezinto ezinqunyanyisiweyo kunye ne-colloids emanzini, ezifana nodaka, intlenga, i-organic matter, i-inorganic matter, iplankton, njl. Kuhlalutyo lomgangatho wamanzi, kuchazwe ukuba i-turbidity eyenziwe yi-1mg SiO2 kwi-1L yamanzi iyunithi ye-turbidity eqhelekileyo, ebizwa ngokuba yi-1 degree. Ngokubanzi, okukhona i-turbidity iphezulu, kokukhona isisombululo si-turbid.
Ngenxa yokuba amanzi equlathe amasuntswana axhonyiweyo kunye ne-colloidal, amanzi angenambala kwaye angenambala ekuqaleni aba yi-turbid. Iqondo lobunzima bubizwa ngokuba yi-turbidity. Iyunithi ye-turbidity ibonakaliswe "kwiidigri", ezilingana ne-1L yamanzi aqukethe i-1mg. I-SiO2 (okanye i-kaolin engaguqukiyo ye-mg, i-diatomaceous earth), i-degree of turbidity eveliswa yi-1 degree, okanye i-Jackson. Iyunithi ye-turbidity yi-JTU, 1JTU=1mg/L ukunqunyanyiswa kwe-kaolin. I-turbidity eboniswa zizixhobo zangoku yiyunithi ye-turbidity esasazekileyo ye-NTU, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-TU. 1NTU=1JTU. Kutshanje, kukholelwa kumazwe ngamazwe ukuba umgangatho we-turbidity olungiselelwe nge-hexamethylenetetramine-hydrazine sulfate unokuvelisa kakuhle kwaye ukhethwe njengomgangatho odibeneyo we-FTU yamazwe ahlukeneyo. 1FTU=1JTU. I-turbidity yimpembelelo ye-optical, eyinqanaba lokuthintela ukukhanya xa udlula kumaleko wamanzi, ebonisa ukukwazi komgangatho wamanzi ukusasazeka kunye nokufunxa ukukhanya. Ayihambelani kuphela nomxholo wezinto ezimisiweyo, kodwa kunye nokubunjwa, ubungakanani bamasuntswana, imilo kunye nokubonakaliswa kwendawo yokungcola emanzini. Ukulawula i-turbidity yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokucoca amanzi kwimizi-mveliso kunye nesalathisi esibalulekileyo somgangatho wamanzi. Ngokokusetyenziswa kwamanzi okwahlukeneyo, kukho iimfuneko ezahlukeneyo zobunzima. I-turbidity yamanzi okusela ayiyi kuba ngaphezu kwe-1NTU; i-turbidity yamanzi eyongezelelweyo yokujikeleza ukucocwa kwamanzi okupholisa kufuneka ibe ngama-2-5 degrees; i-turbidity yamanzi angenayo (amanzi akrwada) kunyango lwamanzi anetyuwa kufuneka ibe ngaphantsi kwe-3 degrees; ukungcola kwamanzi afunekayo ekwenzeni imicu eyenziweyo kungaphantsi kwe-0.3 degrees. Ekubeni iinqununu ezimisiweyo kunye ne-colloidal ezenza i-turbidity zihlala zizinzile kwaye ubukhulu becala zithwala iintlawulo ezimbi, aziyi kuhlala ngaphandle konyango lwekhemikhali. Kunyango lwamanzi kwimizi-mveliso, i-coagulation, ukucaciswa kunye nokuhluzwa kusetyenziswa ikakhulu ukunciphisa ukungcola kwamanzi.
Enye into eyongeziweyo kukuba njengoko imigangatho yobugcisa belizwe lam ihambelana nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe, ingqikelelo ye-“turbidity” kunye neyunithi “yesidanga” ngokusisiseko ayisasetyenziswa kushishino lwamanzi. Endaweni yoko, ingqikelelo ye-"turbidity" kunye neyunithi ye-"NTU/FNU/FTU" isetyenziswa endaweni yoko.
I-Turbidimetric okanye indlela yokukhanya esasaziweyo
I-turbidity inokulinganiswa nge-turbidimetry okanye indlela yokukhanya okuthe saa. ilizwe lam ngokubanzi lisebenzisa i-turbidimetry ukulinganisa i-turbidity. Isampulu yamanzi ithelekiswa nesisombululo esisemgangathweni esilungiselelwe nekaolin. I-turbidity ayikho phezulu, kwaye kuchazwe ukuba ilitha enye yamanzi adibeneyo iqulethe i-1 mg ye-silicon dioxide njengeyunithi enye ye-turbidity. Amaxabiso omlinganiselo we-turbidity afunyenwe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokulinganisa okanye imigangatho eyahlukeneyo ayihambelani. Umgangatho wobugqwirha jikelele awunako ukubonisa ngokuthe ngqo iqondo longcoliseko lwamanzi, kodwa ukwanda kobumdaka obubangelwa lugutyulo lwabantu kunye nolwemizi-mveliso lubonisa ukuba umgangatho wamanzi uye wehla.
1. Indlela yombala. I-Colorimetry yenye yeendlela ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo zokulinganisa i-turbidity. Isebenzisa i-colorimeter okanye i-spectrophotometer ukumisela i-turbidity ngokuthelekisa umahluko we-absorbent phakathi kwesampulu kunye nesisombululo esiqhelekileyo. Le ndlela ifanelekile kwiisampuli ze-turbidity ephantsi (ingaphantsi kwe-100 NTU ngokubanzi).
2. Indlela yokusasaza. Indlela yokusasaza yindlela yokumisela i-turbidity ngokulinganisa ubunzulu bokukhanya okuthe saa ukusuka kumasuntswana. Iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokusasaza ziquka indlela yokusasaza ngokuthe ngqo kunye nendlela yokusasaza ngokungathanga ngqo. Indlela yokusasaza ngokuthe ngqo isebenzisa isixhobo sokusasaza ukukhanya okanye isisasazo ukulinganisa ubunzulu bokukhanya okuthe saa. Indlela yokusasaza ngokungathanga ngqo isebenzisa ubudlelwane phakathi kokukhanya okuhlakazekileyo okwenziwa ngamasuntswana kunye ne-absorbection ukuze kufumaneke ixabiso le-turbidity ngomlinganiselo wokufunxa.
I-turbidity nayo inokulinganiswa ngemitha ye-turbidity. Imitha ye-turbidity ikhupha ukukhanya, idlulise kwicandelo lesampulu, kwaye ibone ukuba kungakanani ukukhanya okusasazeka ngamasuntswana emanzini ukusuka kwicala le-90 ° ukuya kwisibane sesiganeko. Le ndlela yokulinganisa ukukhanya okuthe saa ibizwa ngokuba yindlela yokusasaza. Nabuphi na ubugqwirha bokwenyani kufuneka bulinganiswe ngolu hlobo.
Ukubaluleka kokuqaphela i-turbidity:
1. Kwinkqubo yokunyanga amanzi, ukulinganisa i-turbidity kunokunceda ukugqiba umphumo wokucoca. Ngokomzekelo, ngexesha le-coagulation kunye ne-sedimentation process, utshintsho lwe-turbidity lunokubonisa ukubunjwa kunye nokususwa kwee-flocs. Ngexesha lenkqubo yokuhluza, i-turbidity inokuvavanya ukusebenza kakuhle kokususa into yokucoca.
2. Lawula inkqubo yokucoca amanzi. Ukulinganisa i-turbidity kunokubona utshintsho kumgangatho wamanzi nangaliphi na ixesha, ukunceda ukulungelelanisa iiparitha zenkqubo yokucoca amanzi, kunye nokugcina umgangatho wamanzi ngaphakathi koluhlu olufanelekileyo.
3. Qikelela utshintsho kubulunga bamanzi. Ngokuqhubeka nokubona ubugqwirha, indlela yokutshintsha komgangatho wamanzi inokufunyanwa ngexesha, kwaye amanyathelo anokuthathwa kwangethuba ukuthintela ukuhla komgangatho wamanzi.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jul-18-2024
