Imfuno yeoksijini yebhayoloji (BOD)sesinye sezibonakaliso ezibalulekileyo zokulinganisa amandla ezinto eziphilayo emanzini ukuba zihlanjululwe yi-biochemically yi-microorganisms, kwaye kwakhona isalathisi esibalulekileyo sokuvavanya amandla okuzihlambulula kwamanzi kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo. Ngokukhawuleza kwezoshishino kunye nokunyuka kwabemi, ukungcoliseka kwendalo yamanzi kuye kwanda kakhulu, kwaye ukuphuhliswa kokufunyanwa kwe-BOD kuye kwaphucula ngokuthe ngcembe.
Imvelaphi yokufunyanwa kwe-BOD inokulandelwa emva ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, xa abantu baqala ukunikela ingqalelo kwimiba yomgangatho wamanzi. I-BOD isetyenziselwa ukugweba ubungakanani benkunkuma ephilayo emanzini, oko kukuthi, ukulinganisa umgangatho wayo ngokulinganisa amandla e-microorganisms emanzini ukuthotywa kwezinto eziphilayo. Indlela yokuqala yokumisela i-BOD yayilula, kusetyenziswa indlela yokufakelwa kwe-beam, oko kukuthi, iisampulu zamanzi kunye ne-microorganisms zifakwe kwisitya esithile sokulinywa, kwaye ke umahluko kwi-oksijeni enyibilikisiweyo kwisisombululo ngaphambi nangemva kokugonywa kulinganiswe, kwaye Ixabiso le-BOD libalwe ngokusekelwe koku.
Nangona kunjalo, indlela yokufukamela i-beam ithatha ixesha kwaye inzima ukuyisebenzisa, ngoko kukho imida emininzi. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, abantu baqala ukufuna indlela elula nechanekileyo yokuzimisela kweBOD. Kwi-1939, i-American chemist u-Edmonds iphakamise indlela entsha yokumisela i-BOD, eyokusebenzisa izinto ze-nitrogen ezingenayo i-inorganic njenge-inhibitors ukuthintela ukuzaliswa kwe-oksijini echithiweyo ukunciphisa ixesha lokuzimisela. Le ndlela isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwaye ibe yenye yeendlela eziphambili zokumisela i-BOD.
Ngokuqhubela phambili kwesayensi kunye nobuchwepheshe bale mihla kunye nophuhliso lwezixhobo, indlela yokumisela iBOD nayo iye yaphuculwa ngakumbi kwaye yagqibelela. Ngeminyaka yoo-1950, kwavela isixhobo esizisebenzelayo seBOD. Isixhobo sisebenzisa i-electrode ye-oksijeni echithiweyo kunye nenkqubo yokulawula ubushushu ukufezekisa ukuzimisela okungaphazamisiyo okuqhubekayo kweesampuli zamanzi, ukuphucula ukuchaneka kunye nokuzinza kokuzimisela. Ngeminyaka yoo-1960, ngophuhliso lobuchwepheshe bekhompyutha, kwavela inkqubo yokufunyanwa kwedatha ezenzekelayo yothungelwano lwekhompyutha, eyaphucula kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle nokuthembeka kokuzimisela kweBOD.
Kwinkulungwane ye-21, iteknoloji yokufumanisa i-BOD yenze inkqubela phambili. Izixhobo ezitsha kunye neendlela zokuhlalutya ziye zaziswa ukwenza ukuzimisela kwe-BOD ngokukhawuleza nangokuchanekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, izixhobo ezitsha ezifana nabahlalutyi be-microbial kunye ne-fluorescence spectrometers banokuqonda ukubeka iliso kwi-intanethi kunye nohlalutyo lwemisebenzi ye-microbial kunye nomxholo wezinto eziphilayo kwiisampuli zamanzi. Ukongezelela, iindlela zokufumanisa i-BOD ezisekelwe kwi-biosensors kunye neteknoloji ye-immunoassay nayo isetyenziswe ngokubanzi. I-Biosensor inokusebenzisa izinto ze-biological kunye ne-microbial enzymes ukuze zibone ngokukodwa izinto eziphilayo, kwaye zibe neempawu zobuntu obuphezulu kunye nokuzinza. Itekhnoloji ye-Immunoassay inokukhawuleza nangokuchanekileyo ukumisela umxholo wezinto ezithile eziphilayo kwiisampuli zamanzi ngokudibanisa izilwa-buhlungu ezithile.
Kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, iindlela zokufumanisa i-BOD ziye zahamba ngenkqubo yophuhliso ukusuka kwinkcubeko ye-beam ukuya kwindlela ye-inorganic nitrogen inhibition, kwaye emva koko kwizixhobo ezizenzekelayo kunye nezixhobo ezitsha. Ngokuqhubela phambili kwesayensi kunye nobuchwepheshe kunye nokunzulu kophando, iteknoloji yokufumanisa i-BOD isaphuculwa kwaye ihlaziywa. Kwixesha elizayo, kunokubonwa kwangaphambili ukuba ngokuphuculwa kolwazi lokusingqongileyo kunye nokunyuka kweemfuno zokulawula, iteknoloji yokufumanisa i-BOD iya kuqhubeka iphuhlisa kwaye ibe yindlela efanelekileyo kunye nechanekileyo yokubeka iliso lomgangatho wamanzi.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jun-07-2024
