Uvavanyo lwamanzi amdaka kwimizi-mveliso kunye nomgangatho wamanzi

Amanzi amdaka kwimizi-mveliso abandakanya amanzi amdaka emveliso, ugutyulo lwelindle lwemveliso kunye nokupholisa amanzi. Kubhekiselele kumanzi amdaka kunye nolwelo olulahlwayo oluveliswe kwinkqubo yokuvelisa kwimizi-mveliso, equlethe imathiriyeli yokuvelisa kwimizi-mveliso, imveliso ephakathi, iimveliso eziphuma ngaphandle kunye nongcoliseko oluveliswe kwinkqubo yokuvelisa elahleka ngamanzi. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zamanzi amdaka amashishini anamacandelo anzima. Umzekelo, amanzi amdaka emveliso yetyuwa ye-electrolytic ane-mercury, amanzi amdaka anyibilikayo esinyithi esinzima aqulathe ilothe, i-cadmium kunye nezinye iintsimbi, amanzi amdaka e-electroplating aqulathe i-cyanide kunye ne-chromium kunye nezinye izinyithi ezinzima, i-petroleum yokucoca amanzi amdaka kwimizi-mveliso iqulethe i-phenol, inkunkuma yokuvelisa izitshabalalisi iqulathe izibulali-zinambuzane ezahlukeneyo. njl kumanzi amdaka ngaphambi kokuba akhutshwe.
Amanzi amdaka emizi-mveliso abhekiselele kumanzi amdaka, ugutyulo kunye nolwelo olulahlwayo oluveliswe kwinkqubo yokuvelisa kwimizi-mveliso, equlethe imathiriyeli yokuvelisa kwimizi-mveliso, iimveliso eziphakathi kunye neemveliso ezilahlekileyo ngamanzi kunye nezingcolisi eziveliswe kwinkqubo yokuvelisa. Ngophuhliso olukhawulezayo lweshishini, iintlobo kunye nobungakanani bamanzi amdaka anyuke ngokukhawuleza, kwaye ungcoliseko lwemithombo yamanzi luye lwanda kakhulu kwaye luyingozi, lusongela impilo yabantu kunye nokhuseleko. Ngoko ke, ukukhuselwa kwendalo, unyango lwamanzi amdaka amashishini lubaluleke kakhulu kunonyango lwelindle ezidolophini.

Ngokuqhelekileyo kukho iintlobo ezintathu:

Eyokuqala kukuhlela ngokweempawu zeekhemikhali zezona zingcolisi ziphambili eziqulethwe kumanzi amdaka emizi-mveliso. Amanzi amdaka aqulathe ikakhulu izinto ezingcolisa izinto ezingaphiliyo, kwaye amanzi amdaka aqulathe ikakhulu izinto ezingcolisa izinto eziphilayo. Umzekelo, amanzi amdaka enziwe nge-electroplating kunye namanzi amdaka asuka kukulungiswa kwezimbiwa ngamanzi amdaka angekhoyo, amanzi amdaka asuka kukutya okanye ukusetyenzwa kwepetroleum ngamanzi amdaka aphilayo, kwaye amanzi amdaka asuka kumzi-mveliso wokushicilela nawokudaya angamanzi amdaka axutyiweyo. Amanzi amdaka akhutshwa kumashishini ahlukeneyo aqulethe izinto ezahlukeneyo.

Okwesibini kukwahlula ngokweemveliso kunye nezinto ezicwangcisiweyo zamashishini emizi-mveliso, njengamanzi amdaka esinyithi, amanzi amdaka enziwe ngamalahle, amanzi amdaka okucoca amalahle, amanzi amdaka esinyithi, amanzi amdaka amachiza, imichiza yoshicilelo kunye nokudaya amanzi amdaka, amanzi amdaka edayi, amanzi amdaka esikhumba, isibulali-zinambuzane. amanzi amdaka, amanzi amdaka esikhululo samandla, njl.

Uhlobo lwesithathu luhlelwa ngokwezona nxalenye ziphambili zongcoliseko eziqulethwe kumanzi amdaka, njengamanzi amdaka aneasidi, amanzi amdaka ealkaline, amanzi amdaka anecyanide, amanzi amdaka anechromium, amanzi amdaka anecadmium, amanzi amdaka aqulathe imekyuri, i-phenol-containing wastehyde. -inamanzi amdaka, amanzi amdaka ane-oyile, amanzi amdaka anesulfure, amanzi amdaka ane-phosphorus ephilayo kunye namanzi amdaka asasazwa ngemitha.
Iindlela ezimbini zokuqala zokuhlela azibandakanyi amacandelo aphambili ongcoliseko oluqulethwe kumanzi amdaka, kwaye azinakubonisa ubungozi bamanzi amdaka.
Ukubaluleka kovavanyo lwamanzi amdaka kwimizi-mveliso
Ngokuqhelekileyo, amanzi amdaka aveliswa kubomi bethu aqulethe phantse akukho zinto zinetyhefu, ngelixa amanzi amdaka emveliso anokuthi aqulathe isinyithi esinzima, iikhemikhali kunye nezinye izinto eziyingozi. Ukukhupha ngaphandle konyango akuyi kubangela ukungcoliseka okunzulu kokusingqongileyo kuphela, kodwa inkampani iya kujongana nezohlwayo kunye nezohlwayo. Kwiimeko ezinzima, kuya kuyalelwa ukuba kumiswe ishishini kwaye kuvalwe.
Yenza umsebenzi omhle ekuvavanyeni kwamanzi amdaka kwimizi-mveliso, lawula ukugxininiswa kunye nokukhutshwa kwezinto ezingcolileyo emanzini ngaphambi kokuba amanzi amdaka akhutshwe ukuba angadluli kwimida emiselweyo, ukukhusela imithombo yamanzi, kunye nokunciphisa impembelelo kwindalo. Molo, ndilungile, wonke umntu ulungile!

Imigangatho yokukhutshelwa kwamanzi amdaka kwimizi-mveliso igubungela iintlobo ngeentlobo zongcoliseko, kubandakanywa iCOD, isinyithi esinzima, iBOD, izinto eziqinileyo ezinqunyanyisiweyo, njl.njl. Imigangatho yokukhutshwa kwamashishini ahlukeneyo nayo yahlukile. Amashishini angabhekisa kwimigangatho yokukhupha amanzi angcolisekileyo kwimizi-mveliso ekhutshwe nguMphathiswa we-Ecology kunye nokusiNgqongileyo.
Ukubaluleka kovavanyo lwamanzi amdaka kwimizi-mveliso kubonakaliswa ikakhulu kule miba ilandelayo:

1. Ukukhusela okusingqongileyo: Ukukhutshwa ngokuthe ngqo kwamanzi amdaka avela kwimizi-mveliso ngaphandle kokucocwa kuya kubangela umonakalo omkhulu kwindalo esingqongileyo, njengongcoliseko lwamanzi nongcoliseko lomhlaba. Ngokuvavanya amanzi amdaka emizi-mveliso, iqondo longcoliseko kunye nokwakheka kwamanzi amdaka anokubekwa iliso ngokufanelekileyo, ukubonelela ngesiseko senzululwazi solawulo nokuthintela.
2. Ukukhusela impilo yabantu: Amanzi amdaka akwimizi-mveliso ahlala equlathe izinto eziyityhefu neziyingozi, njengesinyithi esinzima kunye nezingcolisi eziphilayo. Ezi zinto ziyingozi enkulu kwimpilo yabantu. Ngovavanyo lwamanzi amdaka akwimizi-mveliso, ubukho kunye nokuxinana kwezi zinto ziyingozi kunokubekwa iliso ngokusebenzayo, ukubonelela ngesiseko sokuqulunqa izicwangciso zolawulo, ngaloo ndlela kukhuselwa impilo yabantu.
3. Ukukhuthaza uphuhliso lwemizi-mveliso oluzinzileyo: Ngokunyuka kolwazi lwendalo esingqongileyo, ziya zisanda iinkampani eziqalisile ukunika ingqwalasela kulawulo lwendalo esingqongileyo. Ngokuvavanya amanzi amdaka akwimizi-mveliso, iinkampani zinokuqonda ukukhutshwa kwamanzi amdaka azo, zibonelele ngenkxaso yenzululwazi yokuphucula iinkqubo zemveliso kunye nokunciphisa ukungcoliseka kwendalo, kwaye ngaloo ndlela zikhuthaze uphuhliso lwemizi-mveliso oluzinzileyo.

Izinto zokuvavanya amanzi amdaka kwimizi-mveliso kunye nezalathi
Izinto zokuvavanya amanzi amdaka ikakhulu zibandakanya imfuno yekhemikhali yeoksijini (COD), imfuno yeoksijini yebhayoloji (BOD), izinto eziqinileyo (SS), iphosphorus iyonke (TP), i-ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), initrogen iyonke (TN), i-turbidity, i-chlorine eshiyekileyo, pH kunye nezinye izalathisi. Ezi zalathi zibonisa ukungcoliseka kwemiba eyahlukeneyo yamanzi amdaka, njengezinto eziphilayo, i-microorganisms, izondlo, njl. Ngokufumanisa kunye nokuhlalutya ezi zalathisi, sinokuqonda idigri kunye nohlobo lokungcoliswa kwamanzi amdaka, kunye nokubonelela ngesiseko sesayensi sokunyanga nokukhupha amanzi amdaka. .

Iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokuvavanya amanzi amdaka kwimizi-mveliso

Iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokuvavanya amanzi amdaka kwimizi-mveliso ziquka uhlalutyo lweekhemikhali, uhlalutyo lwebhayoloji kunye nohlalutyo lomzimba. Iimpawu kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezi ndlela zichazwe ngezantsi.

1. Indlela yokuhlalutya iikhemikhali

Uhlalutyo lwemichiza yeyona ndlela isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kuvavanyo lwamanzi amdaka kwimizi-mveliso. Le ndlela ikakhulu imisela umxholo wezinto ezahlukeneyo kumanzi amdaka ngokusabela kweekhemikhali kunye nohlalutyo lobungakanani. Iindlela zokuhlalutya iikhemikhali zibandakanya i-titration, i-spectrophotometry, i-chromatography, njl. I-spectrophotometry yindlela yokumisela ukuxinana kwento ngokulinganisa iqondo lokufunxa okanye ukusasazwa kokukhanya ngento, kwaye isoloko isetyenziselwa ukumisela izikhombisi ezifana ne-organic matter kunye ne-ammonia nitrogen kumanzi amdaka; ichromatography yindlela yokwahlula kunye nokuhlalutya enokuthi isetyenziswe ukumisela i-organic matter, inorganic matter, i-polycyclic aromatics hydrocarbons kunye nezinye izinto kumanzi amdaka.

2. I-Bioanalysis

I-Bioanalysis kukusetyenziswa kobuntununtunu bezinto eziphilayo kwizinto ezingcolisa ukufumanisa izinto ezinobungozi kumanzi amdaka. Le ndlela ineempawu zobuntununtunu obuphezulu kunye nobucacileyo obuqinileyo. Uhlalutyo lwebhayoloji lubandakanya uvavanyo lwebhayoloji kunye nokujongwa kwebhayoloji. Phakathi kwazo, uvavanyo lwebhayoloji kukufumanisa ubutyhefu bezinto ezingcolisayo kumanzi amdaka ngokulima izinto eziphilayo, kwaye ihlala isetyenziselwa ukumisela izinto eziphilayo, isinyithi esinzima kunye nezinye izinto kumanzi amdaka; uhlolo lwebhayoloji yindlela yokubonakalisa ungcoliseko lokusingqongileyo ngokubeka iliso kwizalathi ze-physiological and biochemical of organisms, kwaye isoloko isetyenziselwa ukubeka esweni izinto eziphilayo, isinyithi esinzima kunye nezinye izinto kumanzi amdaka.

3. Uhlalutyo lomzimba

Uhlalutyo lomzimba kukusetyenziswa kweempawu ezibonakalayo zezinto zokubona izinto ezinobungozi kumanzi amdaka. Le ndlela kulula ukuyisebenzisa, ngokukhawuleza kwaye ichanekile. Iindlela zokuhlalutya ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo zibandakanya indlela ethile yomxhuzulane, indlela yokumisela izinto ezimisiweyo kunye nendlela yemibala. Phakathi kwazo, indlela ethile yomxhuzulane kukumisela umxholo wezinto ezikumanzi amdaka ngokulinganisa ukuxinana; indlela yokumisela izinto ezinqunyanyisiweyo kukumisela umgangatho wamanzi ngokulinganisa umxholo wezinto ezimisiweyo kumanzi amdaka; i-colorimetry kukugqiba umxholo we-organic matter, isinyithi esinzima kunye nezinye izinto ngokulinganisa ubunzulu bombala wamanzi amdaka.

3. Isishwankathelo

Ukubhaqwa kwamanzi amdaka kwimizi-mveliso lelinye lamakhonkco abalulekileyo kukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo kunye nolawulo, kwaye kubaluleke kakhulu ukukhusela okusingqongileyo, ukukhusela impilo yabantu kunye nokukhuthaza uphuhliso lwemizi-mveliso oluzinzileyo. Iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokubona amanzi amdaka asetyenziswa kwimizi-mveliso ziquka uhlalutyo lweekhemikhali, uhlalutyo lwebhayoloji kunye nohlalutyo lomzimba, nganye ineempawu zayo kunye nobubanzi bokusetyenziswa. Kwizicelo ezisebenzayo, kuyimfuneko ukukhetha iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokubona ngokweemeko ezithile ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka nokuthembeka kweziphumo zokubona. Ngexesha elifanayo, kuyimfuneko ukuqinisa ukuqulunqwa kunye nokuphunyezwa kwamanyathelo okucoca amanzi amdaka ukuze kuncitshiswe umonakalo wamanzi angcolileyo kwindalo kunye nempilo yabantu.

Zeziphi izinto eziluncedo kwi-spectrophotometry yokubona umgangatho wamanzi?
Okwangoku, i-spectrophotometry yenye yeendlela zokufumanisa ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kumsebenzi wokukhangela umgangatho wamanzi, ngokukodwa ekumiselweni kweesampuli zamanzi kunye nomxholo ophantsi, uneenzuzo zokusebenza okulula, ukuchaneka okuphezulu kunye novelwano oluphezulu. Zininzi iindidi zee-spectrophotometers, ezahlulwe zibe zii-spectrophotometers ezibonakalayo, i-ultraviolet ebonakalayo ye-spectrophotometers kunye ne-infrared spectrophotometers ngokoluhlu lwamaza okukhanya okusetyenzisiweyo. I-Spectrophotometry yindlela esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo yohlalutyo ekubhaqweni komgangatho wamanzi. Umgaqo wayo osisiseko kukumisela umxholo wento ekujoliswe kuyo kwisisombululo ngokulinganisa iqondo lokufunxa isisombululo ekukhanyeni kobude obuthile. I-Spectrophotometry ineenzuzo ezilandelayo:

1. Uvakalelo oluphezulu

I-Spectrophotometry inovakalelo oluphezulu lokufumanisa izinto ezijoliswe kuyo kwaye inokwenza uhlalutyo oluchanekileyo kunye nokulinganisa kuluhlu oluphantsi loxinaniso. Oku kungenxa yokuba xa ukukhanya kudlula kwisisombululo, ukukhanya kokukhanya okufunxwa yinto ekujoliswe kuyo kuhambelana noxinaniso lwento ekujoliswe kuyo, ngoko ke uxinzelelo oluphantsi lwento ekujoliswe kuyo inokulinganiswa ngokuchanekileyo okuphezulu.

2. Uluhlu olubanzi lomgca

I-Spectrophotometry inoluhlu olubanzi lomgca kwaye inokwenza imilinganiselo echanekileyo kuluhlu olukhulu loxinaniso. Oku kuthetha ukuba i-spectrophotometry ingasetyenziselwa kokubili uhlalutyo oluphantsi kunye nohlalutyo oluphezulu lwesampula, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kunye nokuguquguquka.

3. Ngokukhawuleza nangempumelelo

Iziphumo zohlalutyo zinokufumaneka ngexesha elifutshane. Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindlela zokuhlalutya, i-spectrophotometry inenkqubo yokusebenza elula kunye nesantya sokuhlalutya ngokukhawuleza, esifanelekileyo kwiimeko apho iziphumo kufuneka zifumaneke ngokukhawuleza.

4. Ukukhetha okuphezulu

I-Spectrophotometry inokufezekisa ukuchongwa okukhethiweyo kwezinto ezijoliswe kuyo ngokukhetha ubude obufanelekileyo. Izinto ezahlukeneyo zineempawu zokufunxa ezahlukeneyo kubude bamaza ahlukeneyo. Ngokukhetha ubude obufanelekileyo, ukuphazamiseka kwizinto eziphazamisayo kunokuphetshwa kwaye ukukhethwa komlinganiselo kunokuphuculwa.

5. Ukuphatheka kunye nokusebenza ngexesha langempela

I-Spectrophotometry inokufezekisa ukubonwa ngokukhawuleza kwisayithi ngokusebenzisa i-parameter ephathekayo yomgangatho wamanzi weparameter, enokuphatheka kakuhle kunye nokusebenza kwexesha langempela. Oku kwenza i-spectrophotometry isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwiimeko apho iziphumo kufuneka zifumaneke ngokukhawuleza, ezifana nokubeka iliso kwintsimi kunye nophando longcoliseko lwamanzi.

I-Lianhua Technology ngumenzi waseTshayina oneminyaka engama-42 yamava ekuveliseni izixhobo zokuvavanya umgangatho wamanzi. Kwi-1982, yavelisa indlela ye-COD yokugaya ngokukhawuleza i-spectrophotometry, ekwazi ukubona ixabiso elichanekileyo le-COD kumanzi amdaka ngaphakathi kwemizuzu engama-20, kunye nenani elincinci le-reagents, ukusebenza okulula kunye nokufanelekileyo, kwaye idume kakhulu kwiibhubhoratri. Ngophando oluqhubekayo kunye nophuhliso kunye nophuculo, iTekhnoloji yeLianhua ngoku inokubonelela ngezixhobo ze-ammonia nitrogen, izixhobo ze-phosphorus zizonke, izixhobo zenitrogen zizonke, izixhobo zenitrate / ze-nitrite, iimitha eziqinileyo ezinqunyanyisiweyo, iimitha ze-turbidity, iimitha ze-chlorine ezishiyekileyo, iimitha zetsimbi enzima, njl., ngokunjalo. njengee-reagents ezahlukeneyo ezixhasayo kunye nezixhobo. I-Lianhua Technology inoluhlu olutyebileyo lwemveliso yezixhobo zokuvavanya umgangatho wamanzi, umgangatho omhle wemveliso, kunye nenkonzo yexesha emva kokuthengisa. Wamkelekile ukudibana!