Oku kulandelayo sintshayelelo kwiindlela zovavanyo:
1. Itekhnoloji yokubeka iliso kungcoliseko lwe-inorganic
Uphando longcoliseko lwamanzi luqala nge-Hg, i-Cd, i-cyanide, i-phenol, i-Cr6+, njl., kwaye uninzi lwazo lulinganiswa nge-spectrophotometry. Njengoko umsebenzi wokukhusela indalo usiba nzulu kunye neenkonzo zokubeka iliso ziqhubeka nokwandisa, uvakalelo kunye nokuchaneka kweendlela zokuhlalutya i-spectrophotometric ayikwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zolawulo lwendalo esingqongileyo. Ke ngoko, izixhobo ezahlukeneyo zokuhlalutya eziphucukileyo nezibukhali kakhulu kunye neendlela ziye zaphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza.
1.Ukufunxwa kwe-atom kunye neendlela ze-atomic fluorescence
Ukufunxwa kweathom yedangatye, ukufunxwa kweathom yehydride, kunye nokufunxwa kweathom yesithando segraphite ziye zaphuhliswa ngokulandelelanayo, kwaye zinokumisela umkhondo kunye nezinto ezininzi zesinyithi emanzini.
Isixhobo se-atomic fluorescence esiphuhliswe kwilizwe lam sinokulinganisa ngaxeshanye iikhompawundi zezinto ezisibhozo, njenge, Sb, Bi, Ge, Sn, Se, Te, kunye ne-Pb, emanzini. Uhlalutyo lwezi zinto ze-hydride-prone zinovakalelo oluphezulu kunye nokuchaneka kunye nokuphazamiseka kwe-matrix ephantsi.
2. I-Plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES)
I-Plasma emission spectrometry ikhule ngokukhawuleza kwiminyaka yakutshanje kwaye isetyenziselwe ukumiselwa ngaxeshanye kwamacandelo e-matrix kumanzi acocekileyo, isinyithi kunye ne-substrates kumanzi amdaka, kunye nezinto ezininzi kwiisampulu zebhayoloji. Ubuntununtunu kunye nokuchaneka kwayo kuphantse kulingane nezo zendlela yokufunxa iathom yedangatye, kwaye isebenza kakuhle kakhulu. Inaliti enye inokulinganisa i-10 ukuya kwi-30 element ngexesha elinye.
3. I-Plasma emission spectrometry mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)
Indlela ye-ICP-MS yindlela yokuhlalutya i-mass spectrometry isebenzisa i-ICP njengomthombo we-ionization. Uvakalelo lwayo luyi-2 ukuya kwi-3 imiyalelo yobukhulu obuphezulu kunendlela ye-ICP-AES. Ngokukodwa xa ulinganisa izinto ezinenani lobunzima ngaphezu kwe-100, uvakalelo lwayo luphezulu kunomda wokufumanisa. Phantsi. IJapan idwelise indlela ye-ICP-MS njengendlela yokuhlalutya esemgangathweni yokumisela i-Cr6 +, i-Cu, i-Pb, kunye ne-Cd emanzini.
4. Ion chromatography
Ion chromatography yitekhnoloji entsha yokwahlula kunye nokulinganisa iianion eziqhelekileyo kunye neecations emanzini. Indlela inokukhetha okulungileyo kunye novakalelo. Amacandelo amaninzi anokulinganiswa ngaxeshanye ngokhetho olunye. Umtshina we-conductivity kunye nekholamu yokwahlula i-anion ingasetyenziselwa ukumisela i-F-, Cl-, Br-, SO32-, SO42-, H2PO4-, NO3-; ikholamu yokuhlukanisa i-cation ingasetyenziselwa ukumisela i-NH4 +, i-K +, i-Na +, i-Ca2 +, i-Mg2 +, njl., usebenzisa i-electrochemistry I-detector inokulinganisa i-I-, i-S2-, i-CN- kunye nezinto ezithile eziphilayo.
5. I-Spectrophotometry kunye neteknoloji yokuhlalutya inaliti yokuhamba
Uphononongo lweendlela ezithile ezinovakalelo oluphezulu nolukhetha kakhulu lwekhromogenic yokumiselwa kwe-spectrophotometric yeeyoni zentsimbi kunye neeyoni ezingezizo ezentsimbi zisatsala umdla. I-Spectrophotometry ithatha indawo enkulu ekubekweni esweni kwesiqhelo. Kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba ukudibanisa ezi ndlela kunye neteknoloji ye-injection ye-flow flow inokudibanisa imisebenzi emininzi yeekhemikhali ezifana ne-distillation, i-extraction, ukongeza ii-reagents ezahlukeneyo, ukuphuhliswa kombala wevolumu rhoqo kunye nokulinganisa. Bubuchwephesha bokuhlalutya elebhu oluzenzekelayo kwaye lusetyenziswa kakhulu kwiilabhoratri. Isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiinkqubo esweni ngokuzenzekelayo online umgangatho wamanzi. Ineenzuzo zesampulu encinci, ukuchaneka okuphezulu, isantya sokuhlalutya ngokukhawuleza, kunye nokugcina ii-reagents, njl., Ezinokuthi zikhulule abaqhubi kwimisebenzi yomzimba edinayo, njengokulinganisa i-NO3-, NO2-, NH4 +, F-, CrO42-, Ca2 +, njl. kumgangatho wamanzi. Itekhnoloji yesitofu sokuhamba iyafumaneka. I-detector ayikwazi ukusebenzisa i-spectrophotometry kuphela, kodwa kunye ne-atomic absorption, i-ion selective electrode, njl.
6. I-Valence kunye nohlalutyo lwefom
Izinto ezingcolisayo zikhona ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kumhlaba osingqongileyo wamanzi, kwaye ubutyhefu bazo kwizinto eziphilayo zasemanzini nakubantu nazo zahluke kakhulu. Umzekelo, i-Cr6+ inetyhefu kakhulu kune-Cr3+, i-As3+ inetyhefu ngakumbi kune-As5+, kwaye i-HgCl2 inetyhefu ngakumbi kune-HgS. Imigangatho yomgangatho wamanzi kunye nokubeka iliso ukumiselwa kwe-mercury epheleleyo kunye ne-alkyl mercury, i-chromium enehexavalent kunye ne-chromium epheleleyo, i-Fe3+ ne-Fe2+, i-NH4+-N, i-NO2–N kunye ne-NO3–N. Ezinye iiprojekthi zikwachaza imeko yokuhluzwa. kunye nomlinganiselo wexabiso lilonke, njl. Kuphando lokusingqongileyo, ukuze uqonde indlela yongcoliseko kunye nemithetho yokufuduka kunye nenguquko, akuyomfuneko kuphela ukufunda nokuhlalutya imeko ye-adsorption ye-valence kunye nemeko enzima yezinto ezingaphiliyo, kodwa nokufunda i-oxidation yazo. kunye nokunciphisa i-medium medium (efana ne-nitrosation ye-nitrogen-containing compounds). , i-nitrification okanye i-denitrification, njl.) kunye ne-biological methylation kunye neminye imiba. Isinyithi esinzima esikhoyo kwifom ye-organic, efana ne-alkyl lead, i-alkyl tin, njl., kungokunje zifumana ingqwalasela enkulu kwiinzululwazi zokusingqongileyo. Ngokukodwa, emva kwe-triphenyl tin, i-tributyl tin, njl.
2. Itekhnoloji yokubeka iliso kwizinto ezingcolisa izinto eziphilayo
1. Ukubeka iliso kwizinto eziphilayo ezidla ioksijini
Kukho izibonakaliso ezininzi ezibanzi ezibonisa ukungcoliseka kwemizimba yamanzi nge-oxygen-consuming organic matter, efana ne-permanganate index, i-CODCr, i-BOD5 (kwakhona kubandakanywa nezinto zokunciphisa i-inorganic ezifana ne-sulfide, NH4 + -N, NO2-N kunye ne-NO3-N), iyonke i-organic organic matter carbon (TOC), ukusetyenziswa kwe-oxygen iyonke (TOD). Ezi zalathi zisoloko zisetyenziselwa ukulawula iziphumo zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka kunye nokuvavanya umgangatho wamanzi angaphezulu. Ezi zalathi zinonxibelelwano oluthile kunye nomnye, kodwa iintsingiselo zabo zomzimba zihlukile kwaye kunzima ukubuyisela omnye komnye. Ngenxa yokuba ukubunjwa kwezinto eziphilayo ezidla i-oksijeni zihluka kunye nomgangatho wamanzi, olu lungelelaniso alulungiswanga, kodwa luyahluka kakhulu. Itekhnoloji yokubeka iliso kwezi zalathi ikhulile, kodwa abantu basahlola itekhnoloji yohlalutyo enokukhawuleza, ilula, igcine ixesha, kwaye ingabizi kakhulu. Ngokomzekelo, imitha ye-COD ekhawulezayo kunye ne-microbial sensor meter ye-BOD ekhawulezayo sele isetyenziswa.
2. Itekhnoloji yokubeka iliso kudidi longcoliseko lwendalo
Ukujongwa kongcoliseko lwendalo ubukhulu becala luqala ekubekeni iliso kwiindidi zongcoliseko lwendalo. Ngenxa yokuba izixhobo zilula, kulula ukwenza kwiilabhoratri eziqhelekileyo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuba iingxaki ezinkulu zifunyenwe kuluhlu lokubeka iliso, ukuchongwa ngakumbi kunye nohlalutyo lweentlobo ezithile zezinto eziphilayo zinokwenziwa. Umzekelo, xa kubekwa iliso kwi-adsorbable halogenated hydrocarbons (AOX) kunye nokufumanisa ukuba i-AOX igqithise umgangatho, sinokuphinda sisebenzise i-GC-ECD yohlalutyo olongezelelweyo ukuze sifunde ukuba zeziphi iikhompawundi ze-halogenated hydrocarbon ezingcolisa, ziyityhefu kangakanani, apho ungcoliseko luvela khona, njl. Izinto zokubeka iliso kudidi lwe-Organic ezingcolisekileyo ziquka: i-volatile phenols, i-nitrobenzene, i-anilines, i-oyile yezimbiwa, i-adsorbable hydrocarbons, njl.njl. Iindlela zohlalutyo ezisemgangathweni ziyafumaneka kwezi projekthi.
3. Uhlalutyo lwezinto ezingcolisayo eziphilayo
Uhlalutyo lokungcoliswa kwezinto eziphilayo lunokwahlulwa lube yi-VOCs, uhlalutyo lwe-S-VOCs kunye nohlalutyo lweekhompawundi ezithile. Indlela yokuhluba kunye nokubambisa i-GC-MS isetyenziselwa ukulinganisa i-volatile organic compounds (VOCs), kunye ne-liquid extraction okanye i-micro-solid-phase extraction GC-MS isetyenziselwa ukulinganisa i-semi-volatile organic compounds (S-VOCs), leyo luhlalutyo olubanzi. Sebenzisa i-chromatography yegesi ukwahlula, sebenzisa i-flame ionization detector (FID), i-electric capture detector (ECD), i-nitrogen phosphorus detector (NPD), i-photoionization detector (PID), njl njl. sebenzisa i-liquid phase Chromatography (HPLC), i-ultraviolet detector (UV) okanye i-fluorescence detector (RF) ukumisela ii-polycyclic aromatics hydrocarbons, ii-ketones, i-asidi esters, i-phenols, njl.
4. Ukubeka iliso okuzenzekelayo kunye nethekhinoloji yokubeka iliso epheleleyo
Iinkqubo zokujonga umgangatho wamanzi okusingqongileyo zizinto eziqhelekileyo zokubeka iliso, ezifana nobushushu bamanzi, umbala, ugxininiso, ioksijini enyibilikileyo, i-pH, i-conductivity, isalathisi se-permanganate, i-CODCr, i-nitrogen iyonke, i-phosphorus iyonke, i-nitrogen ye-ammonia, njl. Ilizwe lethu liseka amanzi azenzekelayo iinkqubo zokubeka iliso kubulunga kumacandelo athile abalulekileyo alawulwa kuzwelonke wobulunga bamanzi kunye nokupapasha iingxelo zomgangatho wamanzi ngeveki kumajelo eendaba, nto leyo ebaluleke kakhulu ekukhuthazeni ukukhuselwa komgangatho wamanzi.
Ngexesha “leSicwangciso seMinyaka emiHlanu yeSithoba” kunye “neSicwangciso seMinyaka emiHlanu”, ilizwe lam liya kulawula kwaye linciphise ukukhutshwa kwe CODCr, i-oyile yezimbiwa, icyanide, imekyuri, i-cadmium, i-arsenic, ichromium (VI), kunye nelothe, kwaye kunokufuneka ukuba kudlule izicwangciso ezininzi zeminyaka emihlanu. Kuphela ngokwenza iinzame ezinkulu zokunciphisa ukukhutshwa okupheleleyo ngaphantsi komthamo wokusingqongileyo kwamanzi sinokuthi siphucule ngokusisiseko ummandla wamanzi kwaye siwuzise kwisimo esihle. Ke ngoko, amashishini amakhulu angcolisekileyo kufuneka aseke iindawo zogutyulo olusemgangathweni kunye nemijelo yokulinganisa ugutyulo lwamanzi amdaka, afakele iimitha zokuhamba kwamanzi amdaka kunye nezixhobo zokubeka iliso eziqhubekayo kwi-intanethi ezifana neCODCr, ammonia, i-oyile yezimbiwa, kunye ne-pH ukufezekisa ukubekwa kweliso kwexesha lokwenyani lokuhamba kwelindle kunye ukugxila okungcolisayo. kunye nokuqinisekisa isixa sisonke sezingcolisi ezikhutshiweyo.
5 Ukujongwa okuKhawulezayo kweemeko zongxamiseko zongcoliseko lwamanzi
Amawakawaka eengozi ezinkulu nezincinci zongcoliseko zenzeka minyaka le, ezingonakalisi nje indalo esingqongileyo kunye ne-ecosystem, kodwa zikwabeka esichengeni ngokuthe ngqo kubomi babantu kunye nokhuseleko lwepropathi kunye nozinzo lwentlalo (njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla). Iindlela zokubona ngokukhawuleza kweengozi zongcoliseko ziquka:
① Indlela yesixhobo esiphathwayo esikhawulezileyo: njengeoksijini enyibilikayo, imitha ye-pH, ikhromatograph yerhasi ephathekayo, imitha ye-FTIR ephathwayo, njl.
② ityhubhu yokufumanisa ngokukhawuleza kunye nendlela yephepha lokubona: njengetyhubhu yokufumanisa i-H2S (iphepha lokuvavanya), ityhubhu yokufumanisa ngokukhawuleza yeCODCr, ityhubhu yokufumanisa isinyithi esinzima, njl.
③Uhlalutyo lwesampulu-kwisiza-lwebhu, njl.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jan-11-2024
