43. Zeziphi izilumkiso zokusebenzisa i-electrode yeglasi?
⑴Ixabiso le-pH elinokubakho elinguziro le-electrode yeglasi kufuneka libe phakathi koluhlu lwesilawuli sokuma se-acidimeter ehambelanayo, kwaye akufunekanga isetyenziswe kwizisombululo ezingenamanzi. Xa i-electrode yeglasi isetyenziswa okokuqala okanye iphinda isetyenziswe emva kokushiywa ingasetyenziswa ixesha elide, ibhalbhu yeglasi kufuneka ifakwe emanzini adiyiweyo ngaphezulu kweeyure ezingama-24 ukuze yenze umaleko olungileyo wokuqukunjelwa kwamanzi. Ngaphambi kokusetyenziswa, jonga ngokucophelela ukuba i-electrode ikwimeko efanelekileyo, i-bulb yeglasi kufuneka ingabikho kwiintanda kunye namabala, kwaye i-electrode yereferensi yangaphakathi kufuneka ifakwe kwi-fluid yokuzalisa.
⑵ Ukuba kukho amaqamza kwisisombululo sokuzaliswa kwangaphakathi, vuthulula ngobunono i-electrode ukuvumela amaqamza aphuphume, ukuze kubekho unxibelelwano oluhle phakathi kwe-electrode yereferensi yangaphakathi kunye nesisombululo. Ukuze ugweme umonakalo kwi-bulb yeglasi, emva kokuhlanjululwa ngamanzi, ungasebenzisa iphepha lokucoca ukuze ubambe ngokucophelela amanzi afakwe kwi-electrode, kwaye ungayisusi ngamandla. Xa ifakelwe, ibhalbhu yeglasi ye-electrode yeglasi ingaphezulu kancinane kune-electrode yereferensi.
⑶Emva kokulinganisa iisampulu zamanzi ezineoyile okanye izinto ezenziwe nge-emulsified, coca i-electrode ngesicoci kunye namanzi ngexesha. Ukuba i-electrode ilinganiswa ngeetyuwa ze-inorganic, cwina i-electrode kwi-(1+9) ye-hydrochloric acid. Emva kokuba isikali sichithwa, sihlambulule ngokucokisekileyo ngamanzi kwaye usibeke emanzini adibeneyo ukuze asetyenziswe kamva. Ukuba umphumo wonyango ongentla ungonelisiyo, ungasebenzisa i-acetone okanye i-ether (i-ethanol epheleleyo ayinakusetyenziswa) ukuyicoca, emva koko uyiphathe ngokwendlela engentla, uze udibanise i-electrode emanzini adibeneyo ngobusuku ngaphambi kokusetyenziswa.
⑷ Ukuba ayikasebenzi, unokuyifaka kwisisombululo sokucoca i-chromic acid imizuzu embalwa. I-asidi ye-Chromic iyasebenza ekususeni izinto ezifakwe kwi-adsorbed kumphezulu ongaphandle weglasi, kodwa inobunzima bokuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni. I-Electrodes ephathwa nge-chromic acid kufuneka ifakwe emanzini ngobusuku bonke ngaphambi kokuba isetyenziselwe ukulinganisa. Njengendlela yokugqibela, i-electrode inokuthi ifakwe kwisisombululo se-5% se-HF imizuzwana engama-20 ukuya kwe-30 okanye kwisisombululo se-ammonium hydrogen fluoride (NH4HF2) kwimizuzu eyi-1 yonyango lwe-corrosion ephakathi. Emva kokucwina, yihlambulule ngokupheleleyo ngamanzi ngokukhawuleza, kwaye emva koko uyintywilisele emanzini ukuze isetyenziswe kamva. . Emva kokuba unyango olunzima olunjalo, ubomi be-electrode buya kuchaphazeleka, ngoko ke ezi ndlela zimbini zokucoca zingasetyenziselwa kuphela njengenye indlela yokulahla.
44. Yiyiphi imigaqo kunye nezilumkiso zokusebenzisa i-calomel electrode?
⑴I-calomel electrode inezahlulo ezithathu: i-metallic mercury, i-mercury chloride (calomel) kunye ne-potassium chloride ibhulorho yetyuwa. Iiion zekloridi kwi-electrode zivela kwisisombululo se-potassium chloride. Xa i-concentration ye-potassium chloride isisombululo isigxina, amandla e-electrode ahlala rhoqo kwiqondo lokushisa elithile, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ixabiso le-pH lamanzi. Isisombululo se-potassium chloride ngaphakathi kwe-electrode ingena kwibhulorho yetyuwa (i-ceramic sand core), ibangela ukuba ibhetri yokuqala iqhube.
⑵ Xa isetyenziswa, isithinteli serabha sombhobho kwicala le-electrode kunye nesivalo serabha esikwisiphelo esisezantsi kufuneka sisuswe ukuze isisombululo sebhulorho yetyuwa sikwazi ukugcina umyinge othile wokuhamba kunye nokuvuza ngokuxhuzula kunye nokugcina ukufikelela kwisisombululo. ukulinganiswa. Xa i-electrode ingasetyenziswa, isithinteli serabha kunye nekepusi yerabha kufuneka ibekwe endaweni yokuthintela ukuvela komphunga kunye nokuvuza. I-Calomel electrodes engazange isetyenziswe ixesha elide kufuneka izaliswe isisombululo se-potassium chloride kwaye ifakwe kwibhokisi ye-electrode yokugcina.
⑶ Kufuneka kungabikho amaqamza kwisisombululo se-potassium chloride kwi-electrode ukuthintela ukujikeleza okufutshane; iikristale ezimbalwa ze-potassium chloride kufuneka zigcinwe kwisisombululo sokuqinisekisa ukugcwala kwesisombululo se-potassium chloride. Nangona kunjalo, akufuneki kubekho iikristale ezininzi ze-potassium chloride, ngaphandle koko kunokuthintela indlela eya kwisisombululo esilinganiswayo, okubangela ukufundwa okungaqhelekanga. Ngelo xesha, ingqalelo kufuneka ihlawulwe kwakhona ekupheliseni amaqamza omoya phezu komhlaba we-calomel electrode okanye kwindawo yoqhagamshelwano phakathi kwebhulorho yetyuwa kunye namanzi. Ngaphandle koko, kunokubangela ukuba isekethe yokulinganisa iphuke kwaye ukufunda kungafundeki okanye kungazinzi.
⑷ Ngethuba lokulinganisa, inqanaba le-liquid yesisombululo se-potassium chloride kwi-calomel electrode kufuneka ibe phezulu kunomgangatho we-liquid wesisombululo esilinganisiweyo ukukhusela ulwelo olulinganisiweyo ukuba lusasazeke kwi-electrode kunye nokuchaphazela amandla e-calomel electrode. Ukusasazwa kwangaphakathi kweekloridi, i-sulfides, ii-agent ezixubileyo, iityuwa zesilivere, i-potassium perchlorate kunye nezinye izinto eziqulethwe emanzini ziya kuchaphazela amandla e-calomel electrode.
⑸Xa iqondo lobushushu liguquguquka kakhulu, utshintsho olunokwenzeka lwe-calomel electrode lune-hysteresis, oko kukuthi, iqondo lobushushu liyatshintsha ngokukhawuleza, i-electrode enokuthi itshintshe kancinci, kwaye kuthatha ixesha elide ukuba amandla e-electrode afikelele kwi-equilibrium. Ngoko ke, zama ukuphepha utshintsho olukhulu kwiqondo lokushisa xa ulinganisa. .
⑹ Nika ingqalelo ukuthintela undoqo wesanti ye-calomel electrode ceramic ukuba ivalwe. Nika ingqalelo ekhethekileyo ekucoceni ngexesha elifanelekileyo emva kokulinganisa izisombululo ze-turbid okanye izisombululo ze-colloidal. Ukuba kukho abalandeli kumphezulu we-calomel electrode ceramic sand core, ungasebenzisa iphepha le-emery okanye ungeze amanzi kwilitye leoli ukuze uyisuse ngobumnene.
⑺ Rhoqo ujonge ukuzinza kwe-calomel electrode, kwaye ulinganise amandla e-calomel electrode evavanyiweyo kunye nenye i-calomel electrode engaguqukiyo enolwelo lwangaphakathi olufanayo kwi-anhydrous okanye kwisampulu enye yamanzi. Umahluko onokwenzeka kufuneka ube ngaphantsi kwe-2mV, ngaphandle koko i-calomel electrode entsha idinga ukutshintshwa.
45. Ngawaphi amanyathelo okhuseleko kumlinganiselo wobushushu?
Okwangoku, imigangatho yesizwe yokukhutshwa kwamanzi amdaka ayinayo imigaqo ethile malunga nobushushu bamanzi, kodwa ubushushu bamanzi bubaluleke kakhulu kwiinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zonyango lwebhayoloji kwaye kufuneka zihlawulwe ingqwalasela enkulu. Zombini unyango lwe-aerobic kunye ne-anaerobic luyafuneka ukuba lwenziwe ngaphakathi kwinqanaba elithile lobushushu. Emva kokuba olu luhlu lugqithisiwe, iqondo lokushisa liphezulu kakhulu okanye liphantsi kakhulu, eliya kunciphisa unyango olusebenzayo kwaye lubangele nokungaphumeleli kwenkqubo yonke. Ingqwalasela ekhethekileyo kufuneka ihlawulwe ekubekweni kweliso lokushisa kwamanzi okungena kwenkqubo yonyango. Emva kokuba utshintsho lwamanzi angenayo lufunyenwe, kufuneka sihlawule ingqalelo ekutshintsheni ubushushu bamanzi kwizixhobo zonyango ezilandelayo. Ukuba ziphakathi koluhlu olunyamezelekayo, zinokungahoywa. Ngaphandle koko, ubushushu bamanzi angenayo kufuneka bulungiswe.
I-GB 13195–91 ikhankanya iindlela ezithile zokulinganisa ubushushu bamanzi kusetyenziswa ithemomitha yomphezulu, iithemomitha ezinzulu okanye iithemomitha eziguquliweyo. Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, xa ulinganisa okwexeshana ubushushu bamanzi kwisakhiwo senkqubo nganye yesityalo sokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka esizeni, i-thermometer yeglasi egcwele i-mercury esemgangathweni ingasetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukuyilinganisa. Ukuba ithemometha kufuneka ikhutshwe emanzini ukuze ifundwe, ixesha elisuka apho i-thermometer ishiya amanzi ukuya xa kugqityiwe ukufundwa akufanele kudlule imizuzwana engama-20. I-thermometer kufuneka ibe nomlinganiselo ochanekileyo ubuncinane be-0.1oC, kwaye umthamo wokushisa kufuneka ube mncinci kangangoko ukwenza kube lula ukufikelela ukulingana. Kwakhona kufuneka ilinganiswe rhoqo lisebe le-metrology kunye nokuqinisekisa usebenzisa i-thermometer echanekileyo.
Xa ulinganisa ubushushu bamanzi okwethutyana, iprobe ye-thermometer yeglasi okanye ezinye izixhobo zokulinganisa ubushushu kufuneka zintywiliselwe emanzini ukuze zilinganiswe ixesha elithile (ngokuqhelekileyo ngaphezu kwemizuzu emi-5), uze ufunde idatha emva kokufikelela ukulingana. Ixabiso lobushushu lichanekile ngokubanzi ukuya kwi-0.1oC. Izityalo zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka zidla ngokufakela isixhobo sokulinganisa ubushushu kwi-intanethi kwindawo ekungeneni kuyo amanzi ekupheleni kwetanki yokuphefumla, kwaye ithemometha idla ngokusebenzisa isixhobo sokulinganisa ubushushu bamanzi.
Ixesha lokuposa: Nov-02-2023
