56.Zeziphi iindlela zokulinganisa i-petroleum?
I-petroleum ngumxube ontsonkothileyo oqulunqwe zii-alkanes, ii-cycloalkanes, ii-hydrocarbons ezinevumba elimnandi, ii-hydrocarbon ezingaxutywanga kunye nezixa ezincinci zesulfure kunye nenitrogen oxides. Kwimigangatho yomgangatho wamanzi, i-petroleum ichazwe njengesalathisi se-toxicological kunye nesalathisi somvo womntu ukukhusela ubomi basemanzini, kuba izinto zepetroleum zinempembelelo enkulu kubomi basemanzini. Xa umxholo wepetroleum emanzini uphakathi kwe-0.01 kunye ne-0.1mg / L, iya kuphazamisa ukutya kunye nokuveliswa kwezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini. Ngoko ke, imigangatho yomgangatho wamanzi okuloba kwilizwe lam mayingabi ngaphezu kwe-0.05 mg/L, imigangatho yamanzi okunkcenkceshela kwezolimo mayingadluli kwi-5.0 mg/L, kwaye imigangatho yesibini ebanzi yokukhutshelwa kwelindle mayingadluli kwi-10 mg/L. Ngokubanzi, umthamo wepetroleum wogutyulo olungena kwitanki yokungenisa umoya awunakudlula i-50mg/L.
Ngenxa yokwakheka okuntsokothileyo kunye neepropathi ezahluka kakhulu zepetroleum, zikhatshwa yimida kwiindlela zokuhlalutya, kunzima ukuseka umgangatho omanyeneyo osebenza kumacandelo ahlukeneyo. Xa umxholo weoli emanzini> 10 mg / L, indlela yegravimetric ingasetyenziselwa ukuzimisela. Ukungalungi kukuba umsebenzi unzima kwaye i-oyile ekhanyayo ilahleka ngokulula xa i-petroleum ether ikhutshwa ngumphunga kwaye yomisiwe. Xa umxholo weoli emanzini ngu-0.05 ~ 10 mg / L, i-photometry ye-infrared engekho-dispersive, i-infrared spectrophotometry kunye ne-ultraviolet spectrophotometry ingasetyenziselwa ukulinganisa. Iphotometry ye-infrared engekho-dispersive kunye ne-infrared photometry yimigangatho yesizwe yovavanyo lwe-petroleum. (GB/T16488-1996). I-UV spectrophotometry isetyenziswa ikakhulu ukuhlalutya iihydrocarbons ezinevumba elimnandi kunye netyhefu. Ibhekisa kwizinto ezinokutsalwa ngepetroleum ether kwaye zineempawu zokufunxa kubude obukhethekileyo bobude. Ayibandakanyi zonke iintlobo zepetroleum.
57. Ngawaphi amanyathelo okhuseleko kumlinganiselo wepetroleum?
I-agent ye-extraction esetyenziswe yi-dispersive infrared photometry kunye ne-infrared photometry yi-carbon tetrachloride okanye i-trichlorotrifluoroethane, kunye ne-agent yokukhutshwa esetyenziswe ngendlela ye-gravimetric kunye ne-ultraviolet spectrophotometry yi-petroleum ether. Ezi arhente zokutsalwa ziyityhefu kwaye kufuneka ziphathwe ngononophelo kunye ne-fume hood.
I-oyile eqhelekileyo kufuneka ibe yi-petroleum ether okanye i-carbon tetrachloride extract ukusuka kugutyulo ukuze ibekwe iliso. Ngamanye amaxesha ezinye iimveliso ze-oyile eziqhelekileyo zinokusetyenziswa, okanye i-n-hexadecane, isooctane kunye nebenzene zingasetyenziswa ngokomlinganiselo we-65:25:10. Iqulunqwe ngokomlinganiselo wevolumu. I-ether ye-petroleum esetyenziselwa ukukhupha i-oyile eqhelekileyo, ukuzoba iigophe ze-oyile eziqhelekileyo kunye nokulinganisa iisampulu zamanzi amdaka kufuneka zisuke kwinani lebhetshi enye, kungenjalo iimpazamo ezicwangcisiweyo ziya kwenzeka ngenxa yamaxabiso angenanto ahlukeneyo.
Iisampulu eyahlukileyo iyafuneka xa kusenziwa umlinganiselo weoyile. Ngokubanzi, ibhotile yeglasi yomlomo obanzi isetyenziselwa ibhotile yesampuli. Iibhotile zeplastiki akufanele zisetyenziswe, kwaye isampuli yamanzi ayikwazi ukuzalisa ibhotile yesampuli, kwaye kufuneka kubekho isithuba kuyo. Ukuba isampulu yamanzi ayinakuhlalutywa ngemini enye, i-hydrochloric acid okanye i-asidi ye-sulfuric inokongezwa ukwenza ixabiso le-pH.<2 to inhibit the growth of microorganisms, and stored in a 4oc refrigerator. piston on separatory funnel cannot be coated with oily grease such as vaseline.
58. Zeziphi iimpawu zomgangatho wamanzi zesinyithi esinzima esiqhelekileyo kunye ne-inorganic non-metal izinto eziyityhefu neziyingozi?
Isinyithi esinzima esiqhelekileyo kunye ne-inorganic non-metal izinto eziyityhefu neziyingozi emanzini ikakhulu ziquka imekyuri, i-cadmium, i-chromium, ilothe kunye ne-sulfide, i-cyanide, i-fluoride, i-arsenic, i-selenium, njl. Ezi zalathi zomgangatho wamanzi ziyityhefu ukuqinisekisa impilo yabantu okanye ukukhusela ubomi basemanzini. . iimpawu ezibonakalayo. UmGangatho oBanzi weSizwe wokuThuthwa kwaManzi amdaka (GB 8978-1996) unemigaqo engqongqo kwizalathi zokukhutshwa kwamanzi amdaka aqulathe ezi zinto.
Kwizityalo zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka anamanzi angenayo aqulethe ezi zinto, umxholo wezi zinto ezinobuthi kunye nezinobungozi kumanzi angenayo kunye nokungcola kwetanki ye-sedimentation yesibini kufuneka ihlolwe ngokucophelela ukuqinisekisa ukuba imigangatho yokukhupha idibene. Emva kokuba kufunyaniswe ukuba amanzi angenayo okanye amanzi amdaka angaphezulu komgangatho, amanyathelo kufuneka athathwe ngokukhawuleza ukuqinisekisa ukuba amanzi amdaka afikelela kumgangatho ngokukhawuleza ngokomeleza ukucocwa kwangaphambili kunye nokulungelelanisa imilinganiselo yokusebenza yokucoca ugutyulo. Kunyango lwesiqhelo lwesibini lwelindle, isulfide kunye necyanide zezona zizalathisi ziqhelekileyo zomgangatho wamanzi wezinto ezingenayo i-metallic eziyityhefu neziyingozi.
59.Zingaphi iintlobo zesulfide ezisemanzini?
Iintlobo eziphambili zesulfure ezikhoyo emanzini zi-sulfates, i-sulfides kunye ne-organic sulfides. Phakathi kwabo, i-sulfide ineendlela ezintathu: i-H2S, i-HS- kunye ne-S2-. Isixa sefom nganye sinxulumene nexabiso le-pH lamanzi. Phantsi kweemeko ezineasidi Xa ixabiso le-pH lingaphezulu kwe-8, libakho ikakhulu ngokohlobo lwe-H2S. Xa ixabiso le-pH lingaphezulu kwe-8, likhona ngokusisiseko kwi-HS- kunye ne-S2-. Ukufunyanwa kwesulfide emanzini kudla ngokubonisa ukuba iye yangcoliswa. Amanzi amdaka akhutshwa kwamanye amashishini, ngakumbi ukucokisa i-petroleum, ahlala equlethe isixa esithile se-sulfide. Ngaphantsi kwesenzo sebhaktheriya ye-anaerobic, i-sulfate emanzini inokwehliswa ibe yi-sulfide.
Umxholo we-sulfide wamanzi amdaka ukusuka kwiindawo ezifanelekileyo zenkqubo yokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka kufuneka uhlalutywe ngokucophelela ukukhusela i-hydrogen sulfide poisoning. Ngokukodwa kwi-inlet kunye ne-outlet yamanzi yeyunithi yokuhluthwa kwe-desulfurization, umxholo we-sulfide ubonisa ngokuthe ngqo umphumo weyunithi yokuqhawula kwaye isalathisi sokulawula. Ukuze kuthintelwe i-sulfide egqithisileyo kwimithombo yamanzi endalo, umgangatho wesizwe obanzi wokukhupha amanzi amdaka umisela ukuba umxholo wesulfide awusayi kudlula i-1.0mg/L. Xa usebenzisa unyango lwebhayoloji yesibini ye-aerobic yogutyulo, ukuba i-sulfide concentration kumanzi angenayo ingaphantsi kwe-20mg/L, esebenzayo Ukuba i-sludge performance ilungile kwaye i-sludge eseleyo ikhutshwe ngexesha, umxholo we-sulfide kwi-sedimentation ye-sedimentation tank yamanzi unako. ukufikelela kumgangatho. Isiqulatho se-sulfide samanzi amdaka asuka kwitanki yesibini yentlenga kufuneka sibekwe iliso rhoqo ukujonga ukuba amanzi amdaka ayahlangabezana na nemigangatho kwaye kumiselwe indlela yokulungelelanisa iiparamitha zokusebenza.
60. Zingaphi iindlela eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswayo ukubona isiqulatho sesulfide emanzini?
Iindlela eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziselwa ukufumanisa umxholo we-sulfide emanzini zibandakanya i-methylene blue spectrophotometry, i-p-amino N, i-N dimethylaniline spectrophotometry, indlela ye-iodometric, indlela ye-ion electrode, njl. I-Photometry (GB / T16489-1996) kunye ne-spectrophotometry yombala othe ngqo (GB / T17133-1997). Imida yokufumanisa ezi ndlela zimbini ziyi-0.005mg / L kunye ne-0.004mg / l ngokulandelanayo. Xa isampuli yamanzi ingahlanjululwanga, Kule meko, iindawo eziphezulu zokufumanisa ziyi-0.7mg / L kunye ne-25mg / L ngokulandelanayo. Uluhlu lwe-sulfide yoxinaniso olulinganiswa nge-p-amino N, N dimethylaniline spectrophotometry (CJ/T60-1999) yi-0.05 ~ 0.8mg / L. Ngoko ke, le ndlela ingentla ye-spectrophotometry ifanelekile kuphela ukufumanisa umxholo we-sulfide ephantsi. Amanzi. Xa ukuxinwa kwe-sulfide kumanzi amdaka kuphezulu, indlela ye-iodometric (HJ / T60-2000 kunye neCJ / T60-1999) ingasetyenziswa. Uluhlu loxinaniso lwendlela ye-iodometric yi-1 ~ 200mg/L.
Xa isampuli yamanzi i-turbid, imbala, okanye iqulethe izinto zokunciphisa ezifana ne-SO32-, S2O32-, i-mercaptans, kunye ne-thioethers, iya kuphazamisa kakhulu umlinganiselo kwaye ifuna ukuhlukana kwangaphambili ukuphelisa ukuphazamiseka. Indlela eqhelekileyo esetyenziswayo yokwahlula kwangaphambili i-acidification-stripping-absorption. Umthetho. Umgaqo-siseko kukuba emva kokuba isampuli yamanzi i-acidified, i-sulfide ikhona kwimo yemolekyuli ye-H2S kwisisombululo se-acidic, kwaye ivuthelwe ngegesi, emva koko ifunxwe lulwelo lokufunxa, kwaye emva koko ilinganiswe.
Indlela ekhethekileyo kukuqala ukongeza i-EDTA kwisampuli yamanzi kwi-complex kunye nokuzinzisa i-ion ezininzi zetsimbi (ezifana ne-Cu2 +, Hg2 +, Ag +, Fe3 +) ukuphepha ukuphazamiseka okubangelwa ukusabela phakathi kwezi ion zetsimbi kunye ne-sulfide ions; kwakhona yongeza isixa esifanelekileyo se-hydroxylamine hydrochloride, enokuthintela ngokufanelekileyo ukusabela kokunciphisa i-oxidation phakathi kwezinto ezixutywayo kunye ne-sulfide kwiisampuli zamanzi. Xa uvuthela i-H2S emanzini, izinga lokubuyisela liphezulu kakhulu ngokuvuselela kunokuba ngaphandle kokuvuselela. Izinga lokubuyisela i-sulfide linokufikelela kwi-100% phantsi kokuvuselela imizuzu eyi-15. Xa ixesha lokuhlutha phantsi kokuvuselela lidlula imizuzu engama-20, izinga lokubuyisela liyancipha kancane. Ngoko ke, ukuhluthwa ngokuqhelekileyo kuqhutyelwa phantsi kokuvuselela kwaye ixesha lokuqhawula yimizuzu engama-20. Xa ubushushu bokuhlamba amanzi bungama-35-55oC, izinga lokubuyisela i-sulfide linokufikelela kwi-100%. Xa ubushushu bokuhlamba amanzi bungaphezulu kwama-65oC, izinga lokubuyisela isulfide liyancipha kancinci. Ngoko ke, elona qondo lobushushu lokuhlambela lamanzi likhethwa ngokubanzi libe ngama-35 ukuya kuma-55oC.
61. Ngawaphi amanye amanyathelo okulumkela ukumiselwa kwesulfide?
⑴ Ngenxa yokungazinzi kwe-sulfide emanzini, xa uqokelela iisampulu zamanzi, indawo yesampulu ayikwazi ukuvuthwa okanye ishukunyiswe ngamandla. Emva kokuqokelela, isisombululo se-acetate ye-zinc kufuneka sifakwe ngexesha ukuze senze ukumiswa kwe-zinc sulfide. Xa isampuli yamanzi i-acidic, isisombululo se-alkaline kufuneka songezwe ukukhusela ukukhutshwa kwe-hydrogen sulfide. Xa isampulu yamanzi igcwele, ibhotile kufuneka ifakwe isikhonkwane kwaye ithunyelwe elabhoratri ukuze ihlalutywe ngokukhawuleza.
⑵ Nokuba yeyiphi na indlela esetyenziselwa uhlalutyo, iisampulu zamanzi kufuneka zilungiswe ukuphelisa uphazamiseko kunye nokuphucula amanqanaba okubona. Ubukho bemibala, i-solids emisiwe, i-SO32-, i-S2O32-, i-mercaptans, i-thioethers kunye nezinye izinto zokunciphisa ziya kuchaphazela iziphumo zohlalutyo. Iindlela zokuphelisa ukuphazamiseka kwezi zinto zingasebenzisa ukuhlukana kwemvula, ukuhlukana kokuvuthela umoya, ukutshintshiselana kwe-ion, njl.
⑶ Amanzi asetyenziselwa ukuhlanjululwa kunye nokulungiswa kwezisombululo ze-reagent azikwazi ukuquka i-ion zetsimbi ezinzima ezifana ne-Cu2 + kunye ne-Hg2 +, ngaphandle koko iziphumo zokuhlalutya ziya kuba ziphantsi ngenxa yokuveliswa kwe-acid-insoluble sulfides. Ngoko ke, musa ukusebenzisa amanzi adibeneyo afunyenwe kwi-metal distillers. Kungcono ukusebenzisa amanzi adibeneyo. Okanye amanzi adibeneyo avela kwiglasi yonke.
⑷ Ngokufanayo, ukulandelela amanani eentsimbi ezinzima eziqulethwe kwisisombululo se-zinc acetate absorption nazo ziya kuchaphazela iziphumo zokulinganisa. Unokongeza i-1mL yesisombululo esandula kulungiswa se-0.05mol / L ye-sodium sulfide isisombululo esisezantsi kwi-1L yesisombululo sokufunxa i-zinc acetate phantsi kokungcangcazela okwaneleyo, kwaye uyivumele ihlale ubusuku bonke. , emva koko ujikelezise kwaye ungcangcazele, emva koko hluza ngephepha lokucoca ubungakanani obucoliweyo, kwaye ulahle ifiltrate. Oku kunokuphelisa ukuphazamiseka kokulandelela isinyithi esinzima kwisisombululo sokufunxa.
⑸Isisombululo esisemgangathweni sesodium sulfide azinzanga kakhulu. I-concentration ephantsi, kulula ukuyitshintsha. Kufuneka ilungiswe kwaye ilinganiswe ngokukhawuleza phambi kokusetyenziswa. Umphezulu wekristale ye-sodium sulfide esetyenziselwa ukulungisa isisombululo esiqhelekileyo sihlala siqulethe i-sulfite, ebangela iimpazamo. Kungcono ukusebenzisa iikristale ezinkulu kwaye uzihlambulule ngokukhawuleza ngamanzi ukuze ususe i-sulfite ngaphambi kokulinganisa.
Ixesha lokuposa: Dec-04-2023
