35.Yintoni ukungqubana kwamanzi?
Ubunzima bamanzi luphawu lokuhanjiswa kokukhanya kweesampuli zamanzi. Kungenxa yento encinci ye-inorganic kunye ne-organic kunye nezinye izinto ezimisiweyo ezifana nentlenga, udongwe, i-microorganisms kunye nezinye izinto ezimisiwe emanzini ezibangela ukukhanya okudlula kwisampuli yamanzi ukuba kusasazwe okanye kufakwe. Ibangelwa ukungena ngokuthe ngqo, iqondo lokuthintela ukuhanjiswa komthombo othile wokukhanya xa ilitha nganye yamanzi adibeneyo iqulethe i-1 mg SiO2 (okanye i-diatomaceous earth) ngokuqhelekileyo ithathwa njengomgangatho we-turbidity, obizwa ngokuba yi-Jackson degree, echazwe kwi-JTU.
Imitha ye-turbidity yenziwe ngokusekelwe kumgaqo wokuba ukungcola okumisiwe emanzini kunempembelelo yokusasazeka ekukhanyeni. Ubunzima obulinganisiweyo yiyunithi yokuchithachitha, echazwe kwi-NTU. I-turbidity yamanzi ayihambelani kuphela kumxholo we-particle into ekhoyo emanzini, kodwa inxulumene ngokusondeleyo nobukhulu, imilo, kunye neempawu zala masuntswana.
I-turbidity ephezulu yamanzi ayinyusi nje idosi yesibulali-ntsholongwane, kodwa ikwachaphazela umphumo wokubulala iintsholongwane. Ukunciphisa i-turbidity ngokuqhelekileyo kuthetha ukuncitshiswa kwezinto ezinobungozi, iibhaktheriya kunye neentsholongwane emanzini. Xa i-turbidity yamanzi ifikelela kwi-10 degrees, abantu banokuxelela ukuba amanzi axubile.
36.Zeziphi iindlela zokulinganisa ububhovubhovu?
Iindlela zokulinganisa i-turbidity ezichazwe kumgangatho wesizwe we-GB13200-1991 ziquka i-spectrophotometry kunye ne-colorimetry ebonakalayo. Iyunithi yeziphumo zezi ndlela zimbini yi-JTU. Ukongeza, kukho indlela yesixhobo yokulinganisa ubugqwirha bamanzi usebenzisa isiphumo sokusasazeka kokukhanya. Iyunithi yesiphumo esilinganiswe ngemitha ye-turbidity yi-NTU. Indlela ye-spectrophotometric ifanelekile ukufunyanwa kwamanzi okusela, amanzi endalo kunye namanzi aphezulu e-turbidity, kunye nomda wokufumanisa ubuncinci be-3 degrees; indlela ye-colorimetry ebonakalayo ifanelekile ukufunyanwa kwamanzi aphantsi aphantsi njengamanzi okusela kunye namanzi omthombo, kunye nomda wokufumanisa ubuncinci be-1 Chitha. Xa uvavanya i-turbidity kwi-sedimentation tank ye-sedimentation yamanzi amdaka okanye unyango oluphezulu lwamanzi amdaka elabhoratri, zombini iindlela zokuqala zokufumanisa zingasetyenziswa; xa uvavanya i-turbidity kumanzi amdaka eplanti yokucoca ugutyulo kunye nemibhobho yenkqubo yonyango ephezulu, kudla ngokuba yimfuneko ukuba kufakwe i-Turbidimeter kwi-intanethi.
Umgaqo osisiseko wemitha ye-turbidity ye-intanethi iyafana naleyo ye-optical sludge concentration meter. Umahluko phakathi kwezi zibini kukuba i-concentration ye-SS elinganiswa imitha yoxinaniso lwe-sludge iphezulu, ngoko isebenzisa umgaqo wokufunxa ukukhanya, ngelixa i-SS ilinganiswa nemitha ye-turbidity iphantsi. Ngoko ke, ngokusebenzisa umgaqo wokusasaza ukukhanya kunye nokulinganisa icandelo lokusabalalisa ukukhanya okudlula emanzini alinganisiweyo, i-turbidity yamanzi inokuchazwa.
I-turbidity sisiphumo sokusebenzisana phakathi kokukhanya kunye namasuntswana aqinileyo emanzini. Ubungakanani be-turbidity bunxulumene nezinto ezifana nobukhulu kunye nokumila kwamasuntswana okungcola emanzini kunye nesiphumo sesalathiso sokukhanya. Ngoko ke, xa umxholo wezinto eziqinileyo ezinqunyanyisiweyo emanzini ziphezulu, ngokubanzi i-turbidity yayo iphezulu, kodwa akukho kulungelelaniswa ngokuthe ngqo phakathi kwezi zimbini. Ngamanye amaxesha umxholo wokuqina omisiweyo uyafana, kodwa ngenxa yeempawu ezahlukeneyo zezinto eziqinileyo ezinqunyanyisiweyo, amaxabiso alinganisiweyo e-turbidity ahluke kakhulu. Ngoko ke, ukuba amanzi aqulethe ubuninzi bokungcola okumisiweyo, indlela yokulinganisa i-SS kufuneka isetyenziswe ukubonisa ngokuchanekileyo iqondo lokungcoliswa kwamanzi okanye inani elithile lokungcola.
Zonke iiglasi ezidityaniswe neesampuli zamanzi kufuneka zicocwe nge-hydrochloric acid okanye i-surfactant. Iisampulu zamanzi zokulinganisa i-turbidity kufuneka zingabi nankunkuma kunye namasuntswana entlenga lula, kwaye kufuneka ziqokelelwe kwiibhotile zeglasi ezivaliweyo kwaye zilinganiswe ngokukhawuleza emva kokuthatha isampulu. Ngaphantsi kweemeko ezikhethekileyo, inokugcinwa kwindawo emnyama kwi-4 ° C ixesha elifutshane, ukuya kwiiyure ezingama-24, kwaye kufuneka ishukunyiswe ngamandla kwaye ibuyiselwe kwiqondo lokushisa ngaphambi kokulinganisa.
37.Yintoni umbala wamanzi?
I-chromaticity yamanzi isalathiso esicacisiweyo xa ulinganisa umbala wamanzi. I-chromaticity ekubhekiselwe kuyo kuhlalutyo lomgangatho wamanzi idla ngokubhekisa kumbala wokwenyani wamanzi, oko kukuthi, ibhekisa kuphela kumbala oveliswe zizinto ezinyityilisiweyo kwisampulu yamanzi. Ngoko ke, ngaphambi kokulinganisa, isampuli yamanzi idinga ukucaciswa, i-centrifuged, okanye ihlulwe nge-membrane ye-0.45 μm yokucoca ukususa i-SS, kodwa iphepha lokucoca alikwazi ukusetyenziswa ngenxa yokuba iphepha lokucoca liyakwazi ukuthabatha inxalenye yombala wamanzi.
Isiphumo esilinganiswe kwisampulu yoqobo ngaphandle kokucoca okanye i-centrifugation ngumbala obonakalayo wamanzi, oko kukuthi, umbala oveliswe yindibaniselwano yezinto ezinyibilikisiweyo nezinganyibilikiyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, umbala obonakalayo wamanzi awunakulinganiswa kwaye ulinganiswe usebenzisa indlela ye-platinum-cobalt colorimetric elinganisa umbala wokwenyani. Iimpawu ezinjengobunzulu, i-hue, kunye nokungafihli zidla ngokuchazwa ngamagama, kwaye emva koko zilinganiswe kusetyenziswa indlela ye-dilution factor. Iziphumo ezilinganisiweyo kusetyenziswa indlela yeplatinam-cobalt colorimetric kaninzi ayinakuthelekiswa namaxabiso emibala elinganisiweyo kusetyenziswa indlela yokuhlanjululwa ngeendlela ezininzi.
38.Zeziphi iindlela zokulinganisa umbala?
Kukho iindlela ezimbini zokulinganisa umbala: iplatinum-cobalt colorimetry kunye ne-dilution yeendlela ezininzi (GB11903-1989). Iindlela ezimbini kufuneka zisetyenziswe ngokuzimeleyo, kwaye iziphumo ezilinganisiweyo azinakuthelekiswa ngokubanzi. Indlela yeplatinam-cobalt colorimetric ilungele amanzi acocekileyo, amanzi angcolisekileyo kancinci kunye namanzi atyheli kancinci, kunye namanzi angaphezulu acocekileyo, amanzi aphantsi komhlaba, amanzi okusela kunye namanzi abuyiselweyo, kunye namanzi aphinda asetyenziswe emva kokucocwa kogutyulo oluphezulu. Amanzi amdaka akwimizi-mveliso kunye namanzi angaphezulu angcoliseke kakhulu asebenzisa iindlela ezininzi zokuhlambulula ukumisela umbala wawo.
Indlela ye-platinum-cobalt colorimetric ithatha umbala we-1 mg ye-Pt (IV) kunye ne-2 mg ye-cobalt (II) i-chloride i-hexahydrate kwi-1 L yamanzi njengeyunithi yomgangatho omnye wombala, ebizwa ngokuba yi-1 degree. Indlela yokulungiselela iyunithi ye-colorimetric eqhelekileyo kukongeza i-0.491mgK2PtCl6 kunye ne-2.00mgCoCl2?6H2O ukuya kwi-1L yamanzi, eyaziwa ngokuba yiplatinam kunye ne-cobalt standard. Ukuphinda kabini iplatinam kunye ne-cobalt ye-agent esemgangathweni inokufumana iiyunithi ezininzi ezisemgangathweni zombala. Ekubeni i-potassium chlorocobaltate iyabiza, i-K2Cr2O7 kunye ne-CoSO4?7H2O zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukulungisa isisombululo esiqhelekileyo sombala we-colorimetric kumlinganiselo othile kunye namanyathelo okusebenza. Xa ulinganisa umbala, thelekisa isampuli yamanzi ukuba ilinganiswe ngoluhlu lwezisombululo eziqhelekileyo zemibala eyahlukeneyo ukufumana umbala wesampuli yamanzi.
Indlela yedilution factor kukunciphisa isampulu yamanzi ngamanzi acwebileyo acocekileyo de aphantse angabinambala kwaye emva koko uwase kwityhubhu yombala. Ubunzulu bombala buthelekiswa nobo bamanzi acocekileyo akwikholamu yolwelo efanayo kwimvelaphi emhlophe. Ukuba kukho nawuphi na umahluko ofunyenweyo, yihlambulule kwakhona kude kube yilapho umbala ungenakubonwa, i-dilution factor yesampuli yamanzi ngeli xesha lixabiso elibonisa ubukhulu bombala wamanzi, kwaye iyunithi ngamaxesha.
Ixesha lokuposa: Oct-19-2023
