51. Zeziphi izikhombisi ezahlukeneyo ezibonisa izinto eziyityhefu nezinobungozi emanzini?
Ngaphandle kwenani elincinci lezinto ezinobuthi ezinobuthi kunye nezinobungozi kwi-lindle eqhelekileyo (njenge-phenols eguqukayo, njl.), Uninzi lwazo lunzima ukuhlaziya i-biodegrade kwaye luyingozi kakhulu kumzimba womntu, njenge-petroleum, i-anionic surfactants (LAS), i-organic Chlorine kunye ne-organophosphorus pesticides, i-polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), i-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), iipolymers zokwenziwa kweemolekyuli eziphezulu (ezifana neeplastiki, irabha yokwenziwa, iifiber ezenziweyo, njl.), amafutha kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo.
Umgangatho wesizwe ogcweleyo wokukhuphela we-GB 8978-1996 unemigaqo engqongqo yokuxinana kwamanzi amdaka aqulathe izinto eziyityhefu neziyingozi ezikhutshwa ngamashishini ahlukeneyo. Iimpawu ezithile zomgangatho wamanzi ziquka i-benzo(a)pyrene, petroleum, volatile phenols, kunye ne-organophosphorus pesticides (ebalwe kwi-P ), i-tetrachloromethane, i-tetrachlorethylene, i-benzene, i-toluene, i-m-cresol kunye nezinye izinto eziyi-36. Amashishini ahlukeneyo anezalathisi zokukhupha amanzi amdaka ezahlukeneyo ekufuneka zilawulwe. Ingaba iimpawu zomgangatho wamanzi ziyahlangabezana nemigangatho yesizwe yokukhutshelwa kufuneka ibekwe iliso ngokusekelwe kubume obukhethekileyo bamanzi amdaka alahlwa lishishini ngalinye.
52.Zingaphi iindidi zeekhompawundi zephenolic ezisemanzini?
I-Phenol yi-hydroxyl ephuma kwi-benzene, kunye neqela layo le-hydroxyl elincanyathiselwe ngqo kwiringi ye-benzene. Ngokwenani lamaqela e-hydroxyl aqulethwe kwiringi ye-benzene, inokohlulwa ibe yi-uninity phenols (efana ne-phenol) kunye ne-polyphenols. Ngokumalunga nokuba iyakwazi ukuguquguquka ngomphunga wamanzi, ihlulwe ibe yi-phenol eguquguqukayo kunye ne-non-volatile phenol. Ngoko ke, i-phenols ayibhekiseli kuphela kwi-phenol, kodwa iquka igama eliqhelekileyo le-phenolates endaweni ye-hydroxyl, i-halogen, i-nitro, i-carboxyl, njl. kwi-ortho, i-meta kunye ne-para positions.
Iikhompawundi ze-Phenolic zibhekisa kwi-benzene kunye ne-fused-ring hydroxyl derivatives yayo. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi. Ngokuqhelekileyo kuqwalaselwa ukuba abo banendawo yokubilisa engaphantsi kwe-230oC yi-phenols eguquguqukayo, ngelixa abo banendawo yokubilisa ngaphezu kwe-230oC i-phenols engaguqukiyo. Iiphenoli eziguquguqukayo kwimigangatho yomgangatho wamanzi zibhekisa kwiikhompawundi ze-phenolic ezinokuguquguquka kunye nomphunga wamanzi ngexesha lokukhutshwa kwe-distillation.
53.Zeziphi iindlela ezixhaphakileyo zokulinganisa i-phenol eguqukayo?
Ekubeni i-phenols eguquguqukayo luhlobo lwe-compound kunokuba i-compound eyodwa, nokuba i-phenol isetyenziswe njengomgangatho, iziphumo ziya kuba zihluke ukuba kusetyenziswe iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuhlalutya. Ukuze iziphumo zithelekiseke, kufuneka kusetyenziswe indlela emanyeneyo echazwe lilizwe. Iindlela ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo zokulinganisa i-phenol eguquguqukayo yi-4-aminoantipyrine spectrophotometry echazwe kwi-GB 7490-87 kunye nomthamo we-bromination ochazwe kwi-GB 7491-87. Umthetho.
I-4-Indlela ye-Aminoantipyrine spectrophotometric inezinto ezimbalwa zokuphazamiseka kunye novakalelo oluphezulu, kwaye ifanelekile ukulinganisa iisampulu zamanzi acocekileyo kunye nomxholo oguqukayo wephenol.<5mg>Indlela ye-bromination volumetric ilula kwaye ilula ukuyisebenzisa, kwaye ifanelekile ukumisela inani le-phenols eziguquguqukayo kumanzi amdaka amashishini> 10 mg / L okanye ukungcola okuvela kwimizi-mveliso yokucoca amanzi amdaka. Umgaqo osisiseko kukuba kwisisombululo esine-bromine engaphezulu, i-phenol kunye ne-bromine zivelisa i-tribromophenol, kwaye zivelise ngakumbi i-bromotribromophenol. Ibromine eseleyo emva koko idibana ne potassium iodide ukukhupha iodine yasimahla, ngelixa ibromotribromophenol idibana ne potassium iodide ukwenza i-tribromophenol kunye ne-iodine yasimahla. I-iodine yamahhala ixutywe ngesisombululo se-sodium thiosulfate, kwaye umxholo we-phenol oguqukayo ngokwemiqathango ye-phenol ingabalwa ngokusekelwe ekusebenziseni kwayo.
54. Ngawaphi amanyathelo okhuseleko okulinganisa i-phenol eguqukayo?
Ekubeni i-oksijeni echithwe kunye nezinye i-oxidants kunye ne-microorganisms ziyakwazi ukukhupha okanye ukubola i-phenolic compounds, okwenza i-phenolic compounds emanzini ingazinzi kakhulu, indlela yokongeza i-asidi (i-H3PO4) kunye nokunciphisa ukushisa ngokuqhelekileyo isetyenziselwa ukuvimbela isenzo se-microorganisms, kunye nokwaneleyo okwaneleyo. ubungakanani be-asidi ye-sulfuric yongezwa. Indlela ye-ferrous iphelisa imiphumo ye-oxidants. Nokuba la manyathelo angentla athathiwe, iisampulu zamanzi kufuneka zihlalutywe kwaye zivavanywe kwiiyure ezingama-24, kwaye iisampuli zamanzi mazigcinwe kwiibhotile zeglasi kunezikhongozeli zeplastiki.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuba i-bromination volumetric method okanye i-4-aminoantipyrine spectrophotometric method, xa isampuli yamanzi iqulethe i-oxidizing okanye ukunciphisa izinto, i-ion zetsimbi, i-amines enamakha, i-oyile kunye ne-tars, njl., iya kuba nefuthe ekuchanekeni komlinganiselo. ukuphazamiseka, amanyathelo ayimfuneko kufuneka athathwe ukuphelisa imiphumo yako. Ngokomzekelo, i-oxidants inokususwa ngokudibanisa i-ferrous sulfate okanye i-arsenite ye-sodium, i-sulfides inokususwa ngokudibanisa i-sulfate yethusi phantsi kweemeko ze-acidic, i-oyile kunye ne-tar inokususwa ngokukhupha kunye nokwahlula kunye ne-solvents ye-organic phantsi kweemeko ze-alkaline ezinamandla. Ukunciphisa izinto ezifana ne-sulfate kunye ne-formaldehyde zisuswa ngokuzikhupha nge-solvents eziphilayo phantsi kweemeko ze-acidic kunye nokushiya izinto zokunciphisa emanzini. Xa uhlalutya ugutyulo kunye necandelo elimiselweyo, emva kokuqokelela ixesha elithile lamava, iintlobo zezinto eziphazamisayo zinokucaciswa, kwaye ke iintlobo zezinto eziphazamisayo zinokupheliswa ngokunyuka okanye ukunciphisa, kwaye amanyathelo okuhlalutya angenziwa lula kakhulu. kangangoko kunokwenzeka.
Ukusebenza kwe-distillation linyathelo eliphambili ekumiselweni kwe-phenol eguquguqukayo. Ukuze ukhuphe ngokupheleleyo i-phenol eguquguqukayo, ixabiso le-pH lesampuli ekufuneka ihlanjululwe kufuneka lilungiswe malunga ne-4 (uluhlu lwe-discoloration ye-methyl orange). Ukongezelela, ekubeni inkqubo ye-volatilization ye-phenol eguquguqukayo ihamba ngokukhawuleza, umthamo we-distillate eqokelelweyo kufuneka ulingane nomthamo wesampulu yokuqala eya kuchithwa, ngaphandle koko iziphumo zokulinganisa ziya kuthinteka. Ukuba i-distillate ifunyenwe imhlophe kwaye i-turbid, kufuneka iphinde ibe ngumphunga kwakhona phantsi kweemeko ze-acidic. Ukuba i-distillate isemhlophe kwaye i-turbid okwesibini, mhlawumbi kukho ioli kunye ne-tar kwisampuli yamanzi, kwaye unyango oluhambelanayo kufuneka lwenziwe.
Isixa esipheleleyo esilinganisiweyo kusetyenziswa indlela ye-bromination volumetric lixabiso elihambelanayo, kunye neemeko zokusebenza ezichazwe yimigangatho yesizwe kufuneka zilandelwe ngokungqongqo, kubandakanywa ubuninzi bolwelo olongezelelweyo, ubushushu bokuphendula kunye nexesha, njl njl. Ukongeza, i-tribromophenol precipitates i-encapsulate ngokulula i-I2, ngoko kufuneka ishukunyiswe ngamandla xa isondela kwindawo yetitration.
55. Ziziphi izilumkiso zokusebenzisa i-4-aminoantipyrine spectrophotometry ukumisela i-phenols eguqukayo?
Xa usebenzisa i-4-aminoantipyrine (4-AAP) i-spectrophotometry, yonke imisebenzi kufuneka yenziwe kwi-fume hood, kunye ne-mechanical suction ye-fume hood kufuneka isetyenziswe ukuphelisa imiphumo emibi ye-benzene enetyhefu kumqhubi. .
Ukunyuka kwexabiso le-reagent elingenanto libangelwa ikakhulu ngenxa yezinto ezifana nokungcoliseka kwamanzi adibeneyo, i-glassware kunye nezinye izixhobo zokuvavanya, kunye nokunyuka kwe-solvent ye-extraction ngenxa yokunyuka kweqondo lokushisa, kwaye ngenxa ye-reagent ye-4-AAP. , ejongene nokufunxa ukufuma, i-caking kunye ne-oxidation. , ngoko kufuneka kuthathwe amanyathelo ayimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukucoceka kwe-4-AAP. Ukuphuhliswa kombala wokusabela kuchaphazeleka ngokulula ngexabiso le-pH, kwaye ixabiso le-pH lesisombululo sokusabela kufuneka lilawulwe ngokungqongqo phakathi kwe-9.8 kunye ne-10.2.
Unyibiliko olusemgangathweni lwesisombululo sephenol aluzinzanga. Isisombululo esiqhelekileyo esine-1 mg phenol nge-ml kufuneka sibekwe efrijini kwaye asikwazi ukusetyenziswa ngaphezu kweentsuku ezingama-30. Isisombululo esisemgangathweni esiqulethe i-10 μg phenol nge-ml kufuneka isetyenziswe ngosuku lokulungiselela. Isisombululo esisemgangathweni esiqulethe i-1 μg phenol nge-ml kufuneka isetyenziswe emva kokulungiswa. Sebenzisa kwiiyure ezi-2.
Qinisekisa ukuba ungeze ii-reagents ngokulandelelana ngokwemigaqo yokusebenza eqhelekileyo, kwaye ugubungele kakuhle emva kokuba ungeze i-reagent nganye. Ukuba isithinteli asishukunyiswa ngokulinganayo emva kokusidibanisa, ukugxininiswa kwe-ammonia kwisisombululo somfuniselo kuya kungalingani, okuya kuchaphazela ukusabela. I-ammonia engcolileyo inokunyusa ixabiso elingenanto ngamaxesha angaphezu kwe-10. Ukuba i-ammonia ayisetyenziswanga ixesha elide emva kokuvula ibhotile, kufuneka idilizwe ngaphambi kokusetyenziswa.
Idayi ebomvu eyenziwe yi-aminoantipyrine izinzile kuphela malunga nemizuzu engama-30 kwisisombululo esinamanzi, kwaye inokuzinza kwiiyure ze-4 emva kokutsalwa kwi-chloroform. Ukuba ixesha lide kakhulu, umbala uya kutshintsha ukusuka ebomvu ukuya kumthubi. Ukuba umbala ongenanto umnyama kakhulu ngenxa yokungahlambuluki kwe-4-aminoantipyrine, umlinganiselo we-490nm we-wavelength ungasetyenziselwa ukuphucula ukuchaneka komlinganiselo. I-4-Xa i-aminoantibi ingahlambulukanga, inokuchithwa kwi-methanol, kwaye emva koko ihluzwe kwaye iphinde ifakwe ngekhabhoni esebenzayo ukuyicokisa.
Ixesha lokuposa: Nov-23-2023
