Uhlalutyo kwizityalo zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka yindlela ebaluleke kakhulu yokusebenza. Iziphumo zohlalutyo zisisiseko sokulawulwa kwamanzi amdaka. Ngoko ke, ukuchaneka kohlalutyo kufuna kakhulu. Ukuchaneka kwemilinganiselo yokuhlalutya kufuneka kuqinisekiswe ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukusebenza okuqhelekileyo kwenkqubo kuchanekile kwaye kunengqiqo!
1. Ukumiselwa kwemfuno yekhemikhali yeoksijini (CODcr)
Imfuno ye-oksijini yemichiza: ibhekisa kubungakanani be-oxidant esetyenzisiweyo xa i-potassium dichromate isetyenziswa njenge-oxidant ukunyanga iisampulu zamanzi phantsi kwe-asidi eyomeleleyo kunye neemeko zokufudumeza, iyunithi yi-mg/L. Kwilizwe lam, indlela ye-potassium dichromate isetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengesiseko.
1. Umgaqo wendlela
Kwisisombululo esiqinileyo se-acidic, isixa esithile se-potassium dichromate sisetyenziselwa i-oxidize izinto ezinciphisa kwisampuli yamanzi. I-potassium dichromate egqithisileyo isetyenziswa njengesalathisi kwaye isisombululo se-ammonium sulfate e-ferrous sisetyenziselwa ukuthontsiza emva. Bala ubungakanani beoksijini esetyenzisiweyo ngokunciphisa izinto kwisampulu yamanzi ngokusekwe kubungakanani beferrous ammonium sulfate esetyenzisiweyo.
2. Izixhobo zomculo
(1) Isixhobo se-Reflux: isixhobo se-reflux yeglasi yonke ene-250ml ye-conical flask (ukuba umthamo wesampulu ungaphezulu kwe-30ml, sebenzisa isixhobo se-reflux seglasi yonke ene-500ml ye-conical flask).
(2) Isixhobo sokufudumeza: ipleyiti yokufudumeza yombane okanye isithando sombane esiguquguqukayo.
(3) 50ml acid titrant.
3. Ii-reagents
(1) Isisombululo esisemgangathweni sePotassium dichromate (1/6=0.2500mol/L:) Ubunzima be-12.258g yedichromate ye-potassium esemgangathweni okanye ephezulu eyomisiwe kwi-120°C kangangeeyure ezi-2, inyibilikise emanzini, kwaye uyidlulisele i-1000ml ye-volumetric flask. Nciphisa uphawu kwaye ugubungele kakuhle.
(2) Uvavanyo lwesisombululo sesalathisi se-ferrousin: Ubunzima be-1.485g ye-phenanthroline, chitha i-0.695g ye-ferrous sulfate emanzini, i-dilute kwi-100ml, kwaye uyigcine kwibhotile emdaka.
(3) Isisombululo esisemgangathweni se-ammonium sulfate: Ubunzima obungama-39.5g we-ferrous ammonium sulfate kwaye unyibilike emanzini. Ngelixa uvuselelayo, kancinane wongeza i-20ml ye-concentrated sulfuric acid. Emva kokupholisa, yidlulisele kwi-flask ye-volumetric ye-1000ml, yongeza amanzi ukuze udibanise uphawu, kwaye ugubungele kakuhle. Ngaphambi kokusetyenziswa, lungisa isisombululo esiqhelekileyo se-potassium dichromate.
Indlela yokulinganisa: Ukufunxa ngokuchanekileyo i-10.00ml isisombululo esiqhelekileyo se-potassium dichromate kunye ne-500ml ye-Erlenmeyer i-flask, yongeza amanzi ukuze udibanise malunga ne-110ml, ngokukhawuleza ungeze i-30ml egxininisiweyo ye-sulfuric acid, kwaye udibanise. Emva kokupholisa, yongeza amaconsi amathathu esisombululo sesalathisi se-ferroline (malunga ne-0.15ml) kunye ne-titrate nge-ferrous ammonium sulfate. Umbala wesisombululo utshintsha ukusuka kumthubi ukuya eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ukuya kumdaka obomvu kwaye yindawo yokugqibela.
C[(NH4)2Fe(SO4)2]=0.2500×10.00/V
Kwifomula, i-c-concentration ye-ferrous ammonium sulfate standard solution (mol / L); I-V-idosi ye-ferrous ammonium sulfate standard titration solution (ml).
(4) Isisombululo se-sulfuric acid-silver sulfate: Yongeza i-25g ye-sulfate yesilivere kwi-2500ml ye-asidi ye-sulfuric egxininisiweyo. Yiyeke kangangeentsuku ezi-1 ukuya kwezi-2 kwaye uyivuthulule amaxesha ngamaxesha ukuze inyibilike (ukuba akukho sikhongozeli se-2500ml, yongeza i-5g yesilivere yesulfate kwi-500ml egxininisiweyo ye-sulfuric acid).
(5) I-Mercury sulfate: ikristale okanye umgubo.
4. Izinto ekufuneka uziqaphele
(1) Ubuninzi be-ion ze-chloride ezinokudityaniswa ngokusebenzisa i-0.4g ye-mercury sulfate inokufikelela kwi-40mL. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba isampuli yamanzi i-20.00mL ithathwa, inokuthi idibanise isampuli yamanzi kunye ne-chloride ion concentration ye-2000mg / L. Ukuba i-chloride ion concentration iphantsi, unokongeza ngaphantsi kwe-mercury sulfate ukugcina i-mercury sulfate: i-chloride ion = 10: 1 (W / W). Ukuba inani elincinci le-mercury chloride liyancipha, alichaphazeli umlinganiselo.
(2) Umthamo wokususwa kwesampuli yamanzi unokuba kuluhlu lwe-10.00-50.00mL, kodwa i-dosage ye-reagent kunye nokugxininiswa kunokulungiswa ngokufanelekileyo ukufumana iziphumo ezanelisayo.
(3) Kwiisampuli zamanzi ezinemfuno ye-oksijini yemichiza engaphantsi kwe-50mol / L, kufuneka ibe yi-0.0250mol / L isisombululo esiqhelekileyo se-potassium dichromate. Xa uvuza ngasemva, sebenzisa isisombululo esisemgangathweni se-0.01/L ye-ferrous ammonium sulfate.
(4) Emva kokuba isampuli yamanzi ishushu kwaye ihlaziywe, inani eliseleyo le-potassium dichromate kwisisombululo kufuneka libe yi-1 / 5-4 / 5 yexabiso elincinci elongezelelweyo.
(5) Xa usebenzisa isisombululo esisemgangathweni se-potassium hydrogen phthalate ukuvavanya umgangatho kunye nokusebenza kweteknoloji ye-reagent, ekubeni i-CODCr yethiyori ngegram ye-potassium hydrogen phthalate yi-1.167g, nyibilikisa i-0.4251L i-potassium hydrogen phthalate kunye namanzi aphindwe kabini. , uyidlulisele kwi-flask ye-volumetric ye-1000mL, kwaye uhlambulule uphawu ngamanzi adibeneyo aphindwe kabini ukwenza isisombululo esiqhelekileyo se-CODCr ye-500mg / L. Isanda kulungiswa xa isetyenziswa.
(6) Iziphumo zomlinganiselo weCODCr kufuneka zigcine amanani amathathu abalulekileyo.
(7) Kulingelo ngalunye, isisombululo se-ferrous ammonium sulfate somgangatho we-titration kufuneka silinganiswe, kwaye ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kufuneka ihlawulwe kutshintsho ekugxininiseni kwayo xa ubushushu begumbi buphezulu.
5. Amanyathelo omlinganiselo
(1) Shukumisa isampulu yamanzi angenisiweyo abuyisiweyo kunye nesampulu yamanzi aphumayo ngokulinganayo.
(2) Thatha iiflaski ze-Erlenmeyer ezi-3, ezinenombolo 0, 1, kunye no-2; yongeza amaso eglasi ama-6 kwiflaski nganye ye-Erlenmeyer emi-3.
(3) Yongeza i-20 mL yamanzi adiyiweyo kwi-No. 0 Erlenmeyer flask (sebenzisa i-fat pipette); yongeza i-5 mL yesampulu yamanzi esondlo kwi-No. ityhubhu amaxesha ama-3), uze ungeze i-15 mL yamanzi adibeneyo (sebenzisa i-pipette enamafutha); yongeza i-20 mL yesampula yamanzi amdaka kwi-flask ye-Erlenmeyer ye-No.
(4) Yongeza i-10 mL ye-potassium dichromate isisombululo esingeyo-standard kwi-flask nganye ye-Erlenmeyer e-3 (sebenzisa i-10 mL ye-potassium dichromate ye-non-standard solution pipette, kwaye uhlambulule i-pipette yesi-3 nge-potassium dichromate isisombululo esingesiso somgangatho) Umlinganiselo wesibini) .
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(6) Yongeza i-30 mL yesulfate yesilivere (usebenzisa i-25 mL yesilinda esincinci sokulinganisa) kwiiflasks ezintathu ze-Erlenmeyer ukusuka kwindawo ephezulu yombhobho we-condenser, uze uvuthulule iiflaski ezintathu ze-Erlenmeyer ngokulinganayo.
(7) Xhuma isithando somlilo esineenjongo ezininzi, qalisa ixesha lokubilisa, kwaye ushushubeze iiyure ezi-2.
(8) Emva kokuba ukufudumeza kugqityiwe, khupha i-electronic multi-purpose furnace kwaye uyivumele ukuba iphole kangangexesha elithile (ixesha elingakanani kuxhomekeke kumava).
(9) Yongeza i-90 mL yamanzi adibeneyo ukusuka kwindawo ephezulu yombhobho we-condenser kwiiflasks ezintathu ze-Erlenmeyer (izizathu zokongeza amanzi adibeneyo: 1. Yongeza amanzi avela kwi-tube ye-condenser ukuvumela isampuli yamanzi aseleyo kudonga lwangaphakathi lwe-condenser. ityhubhu ukuba ingene kwi-flask ye-Erlenmeyer ngexesha lenkqubo yokufudumeza ukunciphisa iimpazamo .2 Yongeza inani elithile lamanzi adibeneyo ukwenza ukusabela kombala ngexesha lenkqubo ye-titration.
(10) Emva kokongeza amanzi adibeneyo, ubushushu buya kukhutshwa. Susa i-Erlenmeyer flask kwaye uyipholise.
(11) Emva kokupholisa ngokupheleleyo, yongeza amathontsi ama-3 esalathisi se-ferrous kwi-flask nganye kwii-Erlenmeyer ezintathu, uze uvuthulule iiflaski ezintathu ze-Erlenmeyer ngokulinganayo.
(12) Titrate nge-ferrous ammonium sulfate. Umbala wesisombululo utshintsha ukusuka kumthubi ukuya eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ukuya kumdaka obomvu njengenqaku lokugqibela. (Nika ingqalelo ekusetyenzisweni kwee-burette ezizenzekelayo ngokupheleleyo. Emva kwe-titration, khumbula ukufunda nokuphakamisa inqanaba le-liquid ye-burette ezenzekelayo ukuya kwinqanaba eliphezulu ngaphambi kokuba uqhubekele kwi-titration elandelayo).
(13) Rekhoda ufundo kwaye ubale iziphumo.
2. Ukumiselwa kwemfuno ye-oksijini ye-biochemical (BOD5)
Amanzi amdaka asekhaya kunye namanzi amdaka avela kwimizi-mveliso aqulethe izixa ezikhulu zezinto ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo. Xa zingcolisa amanzi, ezi zinto ziphilayo ziya kutya isixa esikhulu seoksijini enyibilikisiweyo xa zibola kumzimba wamanzi, ngaloo ndlela zitshabalalisa ibhalansi yeoksijini kumzimba wamanzi kwaye wonakalise umgangatho wamanzi. Ukungabikho kweoksijini emanzini kubangela ukufa kweentlanzi kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo zasemanzini.
Ukubunjwa kwezinto eziphilayo eziqulethwe emanzini kuyinkimbinkimbi, kwaye kunzima ukumisela amacandelo abo nganye nganye. Abantu bahlala besebenzisa i-oksijini esetyenziswe yi-organic matter emanzini phantsi kweemeko ezithile ukumela ngokungangqalanga umxholo wezinto eziphilayo emanzini. Imfuno ye-oksijini ye-biochemical sisalathisi esibalulekileyo solu hlobo.
Indlela yakudala yokulinganisa imfuno ye-oksijini yebhayoloji yindlela yedilution inoculation.
Iisampuli zamanzi zokulinganisa imfuno ye-oksijini ye-biochemical kufuneka zizaliswe kwaye zitywinwe kwiibhotile xa ziqokelelwa. Gcina kwi-0-4 degrees Celsius. Ngokuqhelekileyo, uhlalutyo kufuneka lwenziwe kwiiyure ze-6. Ukuba uthutho lomgama omde luyafuneka. Kwimeko nayiphi na into, ixesha lokugcina akufanele lidlule iiyure ezingama-24.
1. Umgaqo wendlela
Imfuno ye-oksijini ye-Biochemical ibhekisela kwisixa se-oksijini enyibilikisiweyo esetyenzisiweyo kwinkqubo ye-biochemical ye-microorganisms ebola izinto ezithile ezixutywe ne-oxidizable, ngokukodwa izinto eziphilayo, emanzini phantsi kweemeko ezichaziweyo. Yonke inkqubo ye-biological oxidation ithatha ixesha elide. Umzekelo, xa ukhuliswe kumaqondo angama-20 ngokukaCelsius, kuthatha ngaphezulu kweentsuku ezili-100 ukugqiba inkqubo. Okwangoku, kumiselwe ngokubanzi ekhaya naphesheya ukuba kufukame iintsuku ezi-5 kwi-20 kunye okanye thabatha i-1 degree Celsius, kunye nokulinganisa i-oksijini enyibilikisiweyo yesampuli ngaphambi nasemva kokufukamela. Umahluko phakathi kwezi zibini ixabiso le-BOD5, elichazwe kwii-milligrams / ilitha ye-oxygen.
Kumanzi athile angaphezulu kunye namanzi amaninzi amdaka amashishini, ngenxa yokuba iqulethe izinto ezininzi eziphilayo, kufuneka ihlanjululwe phambi kwenkcubeko kunye nokulinganisa ukunciphisa ukugxila kwayo kunye nokuqinisekisa i-oksijeni eyaneleyo echithwe. Iqondo lokuhlanjululwa kufuneka libe njalo ukuba i-oksijini echithwe kwinkcubeko inkulu kune-2 mg / L, kwaye i-oksijini eseleyo edibeneyo ingaphezulu kwe-1 mg / L.
Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba kukho ioksijini eyaneleyo echithwe emva kokuba isampuli yamanzi ihlanjululwe, amanzi ahlanjululweyo ahlala ehlanjululwa ngomoya, ukwenzela ukuba i-oksijini edibeneyo emanzini ahlanjululwe isondele kwi-saturation. Umlinganiselo othile wezondlo ezingaphiliyo kunye nezinto ze-buffer nazo kufuneka zongezwe kumanzi edilution ukuqinisekisa ukukhula kweemicroorganisms.
Kumanzi amdaka emizi-mveliso aqulethe i-microorganisms encinci okanye engekhoyo, kubandakanywa amanzi amdaka ane-asidi, amanzi amdaka e-alkaline, amanzi amdaka ashushu aphezulu okanye amdaka aneklorini, i-inoculation kufuneka iqhutywe xa kulinganisa i-BOD5 ukwazisa ii-microorganisms ezinokubola izinto eziphilayo kumanzi amdaka. Xa kukho izinto eziphilayo kumanzi amdaka okunzima ukuthotywa yi-microorganisms kwi-sewage jikelele yasekhaya ngesantya esiqhelekileyo okanye iqulethe izinto ezinobuthi obuphezulu, ii-microorganisms ezifuywayo kufuneka zifakwe kwisampuli yamanzi ukuze kufakwe i-inoculation. Le ndlela ifanelekile ukumiselwa kweesampuli zamanzi kunye ne-BOD5 enkulu okanye ilingana ne-2mg / L, kwaye ubuninzi abudluli i-6000mg / L. Xa i-BOD5 yesampuli yamanzi inkulu kune-6000mg / L, iimpazamo ezithile ziya kwenzeka ngenxa yokuhlanjululwa.
2. Izixhobo zomculo
(1) I-incubator yobushushu rhoqo
(2) 5-20L emxinwa ibhotile yeglasi yomlomo.
(3)1000——2000ml isilinda sokulinganisa
(4) Intonga yeglasi eshukumisayo: Ubude bentonga kufuneka bube ngama-200mm ubude kunobude besilinda sokulinganisa esisetyenzisiweyo. Ipleyiti yerabha enzima enobubanzi obuncinci kunomzantsi wesilinda sokulinganisa kunye nemingxuma emincinci emincinci igxininiswe ezantsi kwintonga.
(5) Ibhotile ye-oksijini echithiweyo: phakathi kwe-250ml kunye ne-300ml, kunye ne-glass stopper yomhlaba kunye nomlomo owenziwe ngentsimbi ukutywinwa kokunikezelwa kwamanzi.
(6) ISiphon, esetyenziselwa ukuthatha iisampulu zamanzi kunye nokongeza amanzi adilution.
3. Ii-reagents
(1) Isisombululo se-phosphate buffer: Dissolve 8.5 potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 21.75g dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, 33.4 sodium hydrogen phosphate heptahydrate kunye ne-1.7g ammonium chloride emanzini kwaye uhlambulule kwi-1000ml. I-pH yesi sisombululo kufuneka ibe yi-7.2
(2) Isisombululo se-Magnesium sulfate: Dissolve 22.5g magnesium sulfate heptahydrate emanzini kwaye udibanise kwi-1000ml.
(3) Isisombululo seCalcium chloride: Chitha i-27.5% i-anhydrous calcium chloride emanzini kwaye uhlambulule kwi-1000ml.
(4) Isisombululo se-Ferric chloride: Dissolve 0.25g ferric chloride hexahydrate emanzini kwaye udibanise kwi-1000ml.
(5) Isisombululo se-Hydrochloric acid: Chitha i-40ml i-hydrochloric acid emanzini kwaye udibanise kwi-1000ml.
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(7) Isisombululo se-sodium sulfite: Dissolve 1.575g sodium sulfite emanzini kwaye udibanise kwi-1000ml. Esi sisombululo asizinzanga kwaye kufuneka silungiswe yonke imihla.
(8) Isisombululo esiqhelekileyo se-Glucose-glutamic acid: Emva kokumisa i-glucose kunye ne-glutamic acid kwi-103 degrees Celsius ngeyure eli-1, linganisa i-150ml nganye kwaye uyinyibilikise emanzini, uyidlulisele kwi-flask ye-volumetric eyi-1000ml kwaye udibanise uphawu, kwaye udibanise ngokulinganayo. . Lungiselela esi sicombululo sisemgangathweni nje phambi kokusetyenziswa.
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(10) Isicombululo sokutofa: Ngokuqhelekileyo, amanzi amdaka asekhaya asetyenziswa, ashiywe kwiqondo lobushushu legumbi imini nobusuku, kwaye kusetyenziswa i-supernatant.
(11) Amanzi okuhlanjululwa kwe-inoculation: Thatha isixa esifanelekileyo somxube wokugonywa, wongeze kumanzi okucoca, kwaye udibanise kakuhle. Ubungakanani besisombululo se-inoculation esongeziweyo ngelitha yamanzi ahlanjululweyo yi-1-10ml yogutyulo lwasekhaya; okanye i-20-30ml ye-exudate yomhlaba ongaphezulu; Ixabiso le-pH yamanzi e-inoculation dilution kufuneka libe yi-7.2. Ixabiso le-BOD kufuneka libe phakathi kwe-0.3-1.0 mg/L. Amanzi e-inoculation dilution kufuneka asetyenziswe ngokukhawuleza emva kokulungiswa.
4. Ukubala
1. Iisampulu zamanzi zikhuliswe ngokuthe ngqo ngaphandle kokuxutywa
BOD5(mg/L)=C1-C2
Kwifomula: I-C1--i-dissolved oxygen concentration yesampula yamanzi phambi kwenkcubeko (mg / L);
I-C2--Ihlala i-oxygen concentration (mg / L) emva kokuba isampuli yamanzi ifakwe iintsuku ze-5.
2. Iisampulu zamanzi ezikhuliswe emva kokuhlanjululwa
BOD5(mg/L)=[(C1-C2)—(B1-B2)f1]∕f2
Kwifomula: I-C1--i-dissolved oxygen concentration yesampula yamanzi phambi kwenkcubeko (mg / L);
I-C2--Ihlala i-oxygen concentration ye-oxygen (mg / L) emva kweentsuku ze-5 zokufakwa kwesampuli yamanzi;
I-B1——I-oxygen concentration yamanzi e-dilution (okanye i-inoculation dilution water) phambi kwenkcubeko (mg / L);
I-B2——I-oxygen concentration ye-oxygen yamanzi e-dilution (okanye i-inoculation dilution water) emva kwenkcubeko (mg / L);
f1——Umlinganiselo wamanzi adilungiweyo (okanye amanzi okuxutywa kwesitofu) kwisiphakathi senkcubeko;
f2——Umlinganiselo wesampulu yamanzi kwisiphakathi senkcubeko.
B1——Ioksijini enyibilikisiweyo yamanzi axutyiweyo phambi kwenkcubeko;
B2——Ioksijini enyibilikisiweyo yamanzi ahlanjululwayo emva kokulinywa;
f1——Umlinganiselo wamanzi angcungcuthekiswayo kwindawo yenkcubeko;
f2——Umlinganiselo wesampulu yamanzi kwisiphakathi senkcubeko.
Qaphela: Ukubalwa kwe-f1 kunye no-f2: Umzekelo, ukuba umlinganiselo wodilution we-culture medium yi-3%, oko kukuthi, iinxalenye ezi-3 zesampulu yamanzi kunye nama-97 eendawo zamanzi adilution, ngoko f1=0.97 kunye no-f2=0.03.
5. Izinto ekufuneka uziqaphele
(1) Inkqubo ye-biological oxidation ye-organic matter emanzini inokohlulwa ibe ngamanqanaba amabini. Inqanaba lokuqala yi-oxidation ye-carbon kunye ne-hydrogen kwizinto eziphilayo ukuvelisa i-carbon dioxide kunye namanzi. Eli nqanaba libizwa ngokuba yi-carbonization stage. Kuthatha malunga neentsuku ezingama-20 ukugqiba inqanaba le-carbonization kwi-20 degrees Celsius. Kwinqanaba lesibini, izinto ezine-nitrogen kunye nenxalenye ye-nitrogen i-oxidized ibe yi-nitrite kunye ne-nitrate, ebizwa ngokuba yi-nitrification stage. Kuthatha malunga neentsuku ezili-100 ukugqiba inqanaba le-nitrification kumaqondo angama-20 ngokukaCelsius. Ngoko ke, xa ulinganisa i-BOD5 yeesampuli zamanzi, i-nitrification ayibalulekanga ngokubanzi okanye ayenzeki kwaphela. Nangona kunjalo, amanzi amdaka asuka kwitanki yonyango lwebhayoloji aqulethe inani elikhulu leebhaktheriya ezenza i-nitrifying. Ke ngoko, xa ulinganisa iBOD5, imfuno yeoksijini yezinye iikhompawundi ezinenitrogen nazo zibandakanyiwe. Kwiisampuli zamanzi ezinjalo, i-nitrification inhibitors inokongezwa ukuvimbela inkqubo ye-nitrification. Ngenxa yale njongo, i-1 ml ye-propylene thiourea ene-concentration ye-500 mg / L okanye inani elithile le-2-chlorozone-6-trichloromethyldine egxininiswe kwi-sodium chloride inokongezwa kwilitha nganye yesampuli yamanzi ahlanjululweyo ukwenza i-TCMP kwi-concentration in. isampulu ehlanjululweyo imalunga ne-0.5 mg/L.
(2) Iglasi kufuneka icocwe kakuhle. Okokuqala gcoba kwaye ucoce nge-detergent, uze udibanise nge-dilute hydrochloric acid, kwaye ekugqibeleni uhlambe ngamanzi ompompo kunye namanzi adibeneyo.
(3) Ukuze uhlolisise umgangatho wamanzi okuxutywa kunye nesisombululo se-inoculum, kunye nomgangatho wokusebenza wegcisa lebhubhoratri, hlambulula i-20ml yesisombululo esiqhelekileyo se-glucose-glutamic acid kunye ne-inoculation dilution yamanzi kwi-1000ml, kwaye ulandele amanyathelo okulinganisa. BOD5. Ixabiso elilinganisiweyo le-BOD5 kufuneka libe phakathi kwe-180-230mg/L. Ngaphandle koko, khangela ukuba kukho naziphi na iingxaki ngomgangatho wesisombululo se-inoculum, amanzi ahlanjululwayo okanye iindlela zokusebenza.
(4) Xa i-dilution factor yesampulu yamanzi idlula amaxesha angama-100, kufuneka ihlanjululwe kwangaphambili ngamanzi kwi-flask ye-volumetric, kwaye ke isixa esifanelekileyo kufuneka sithatyathelwe inkcubeko yokugqibela yokuhlanjululwa.
3. Ukumiselwa kwezinto eziqinileyo ezinqunyanyisiweyo (SS)
Izinto eziqinileyo ezimisiweyo zimela ubungakanani bento eqinileyo enganyibilikiyo emanzini.
1. Umgaqo wendlela
I-curve yokulinganisa yakhiwe ngaphakathi, kwaye i-absorbection yesampuli kwi-wavelength ethile iguqulwa ibe yixabiso lokuxininisa ipharamitha ekufuneka ilinganiswe, kwaye iboniswe kwisikrini se-LCD.
2. Amanyathelo omlinganiselo
(1) Shukumisa isampulu yamanzi angenisiweyo abuyisiweyo kunye nesampulu yamanzi aphumayo ngokulinganayo.
(2) Thatha ityhubhu ye-colorimetric kwaye wongeze i-25 mL yesampuli yamanzi angenayo, kwaye wongeze amanzi adibeneyo kwindawo yophawu (kuba amanzi angenayo i-SS inkulu, ukuba ayihlanjululwanga, inokugqithisa umda ophezulu we-stadium tester emisiwe) imida. , okwenza iziphumo zingachaneki. Ngokuqinisekileyo, umthamo wesampulu wamanzi angenayo awulungiswanga. Ukuba amanzi angenayo amdaka kakhulu, thatha i-10mL kwaye ungeze amanzi adibeneyo kwisikali).
3 cofa iqhosha lokufunda. Ukuba ayingoziro, cofa iqhosha elicacileyo ukucima isixhobo (yenza umlinganiselo nje kube kanye).
(4) Ukulinganisa i-SS yamanzi angenayo: Galela isampuli yamanzi angenayo kwityhubhu yombala kwibhokisi encinci kwaye uyihlambulule kathathu, uze ungeze isampuli yamanzi angenayo kwi-2/3, yomise udonga lwangaphandle, kwaye ucinezele iqhosha lokukhetha ngelixa. ukungcangcazela. Emva koko ngokukhawuleza uyifake kumvavanyi wezinto eziqinileyo ezimisiweyo, emva koko ucinezele iqhosha lokufunda, ulinganise kathathu, kwaye ubale ixabiso eliphakathi.
5
3. Ukubala
Isiphumo se-SS yamanzi angenayo yile: umlinganiselo we-dilution * umlinganiselo wokufundwa kwesampula yamanzi engaphakathi. Isiphumo se-SS yokuphuma kwamanzi ngokuthe ngqo isixhobo sokufunda isampuli yamanzi elinganisiweyo.
4. Ukumiselwa kwe-phosphorus iyonke (TP)
1. Umgaqo wendlela
Ngaphantsi kweemeko ze-acidic, i-orthophosphate iphendula kunye ne-ammonium molybdate kunye ne-potassium antimonyl tartrate ukwenza i-phosphomolybdenum heteropoly acid, eyancitshiswa yi-agent yokunciphisa i-ascorbic acid kwaye ibe yinto eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ngokuqhelekileyo ihlanganiswe ne-phosphomolybdenum blue.
Ubuncinci obubonakalayo bokugxininiswa kwale ndlela yi-0.01mg / L (i-concentration ehambelana ne-absorbeance A = 0.01); umda ophezulu wokuzimisela ngu-0.6mg/L. Ingasetyenziselwa uhlalutyo lwe-orthophosphate kumanzi aphantsi komhlaba, ugutyulo lwasekhaya kunye namanzi amdaka avela kwimizi-mveliso evela kwiikhemikhali zemihla ngemihla, izichumisi ze-phosphate, unyango lwentsimbi yomphezulu we-phosphating, i-pesticides, intsimbi, i-coking kunye namanye amashishini.
2. Izixhobo zomculo
I-Spectrophotometer
3. Ii-reagents
(1) 1+1 iasidi yesulfuric.
(2) I-10% (m / V) isisombululo se-ascorbic acid: Dissolve 10g ascorbic acid emanzini kwaye uhlambulule kwi-100ml. Isisombululo sigcinwe kwibhotile yeglasi emdaka kwaye izinzile iiveki ezimbalwa kwindawo ebandayo. Ukuba umbala ujika ube tyheli, lahla kwaye uxube kwakhona.
(3) Isinyibiliko seMolybdate: Nyibilika i-13g ye-ammonium molybdate [(NH4)6Mo7O24˙4H2O] kwi-100ml yamanzi. Nyibilikisa i-0.35g ye-potassium antimonyl tartrate [K(SbO)C4H4O6˙1/2H2O] emanzini ayi-100ml. Ngaphantsi kokuvuselela rhoqo, faka isisombululo se-ammonium molybdate kwi-300ml (1+1) ye-sulfuric acid, yongeza isisombululo se-potassium antimony tartrate kwaye udibanise ngokulinganayo. Gcina ii-reagents kwiibhotile zeglasi ezimdaka kwindawo ebandayo. Izinzile ubuncinane kwiinyanga ezi-2.
(4) Isisombululo sembuyekezo ye-turbidity-umbala: Hlanganisa imiqulu emibini ye (1 + 1) ye-sulfuric acid kunye nomthamo omnye we-10% (m / V) isisombululo se-ascorbic acid. Esi sisombululo silungiswe kwangaloo mini.
(5) Isisombululo se-phosphate stock: I-potassium eyomileyo i-dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) kwi-110 ° C kwiiyure ze-2 kwaye ipholile kwi-desiccator. Ubunzima be-0.217g, yinyibilikise emanzini, kwaye uyidlulisele kwi-flask ye-volumetric ye-1000ml. Yongeza i-5ml ye (1 + 1) i-asidi ye-sulfuric kwaye uhlambulule ngamanzi kuphawu. Esi sisombululo sine-50.0ug phosphorus nge-milliliter.
(6) Isisombululo esiqhelekileyo sePhosphate: Thatha i-10.00ml yesisombululo se-phosphate stock kwi-250ml ye-volumetric flask, kwaye udibanise uphawu ngamanzi. Esi sisombululo sine-2.00ug phosphorus nge-milliliter. Ilungiselelwe ukusetyenziswa ngokukhawuleza.
4. Amanyathelo omlinganiselo (uthatha kuphela umlinganiselo weesampulu zamanzi okungena nawokuphuma njengomzekelo)
(1) Shukumisa isampulu yamanzi angenisiweyo abuyisiweyo kunye nesampulu yamanzi aphumayo (isampulu yamanzi ethathwe kwidama leekhemikhali zebhayoloji kufuneka ishukunyiswe kakuhle kwaye iyekwe kangangexesha elithile ukuze ithathe i-supernatant).
(2) Thabatha iityhubhu ezi-3 zesikali esimisiweyo, yongeza amanzi adilileyo kwityhubhu yokuqala yesikali esimisiweyo kumgca wesikali esiphezulu; yongeza i-5mL yesampuli yamanzi kwityhubhu yesibini yesikali esimisiweyo, kwaye emva koko wongeze amanzi adibeneyo kumgca wesikali esiphezulu; eyesithathu isithinteli ityhubhu yeplagi yeplagi yeBrace enesidanga
Gxila kwi-hydrochloric acid kwiiyure ze-2, okanye uhlambe nge-detergent engena-phosphate.
(3) I-cuvette kufuneka ifakwe kwi-dilute nitric acid okanye isisombululo sokuhlamba i-chromic acid okomzuzwana emva kokusetyenziswa ukususa i-adsorbed molybdenum colorant blue.
5. Ukumiselwa kwenitrogen epheleleyo (TN)
1. Umgaqo wendlela
Kwisisombululo esinamanzi ngaphezu kwe-60 ° C, i-potassium sulfate ibola ngokwendlela yokusabela elandelayo ukuvelisa i-ion hydrogen kunye ne-oxygen. K2S2O8+H2O→2KHSO4+1/2O2KHSO4→K++HSO4_HSO4→H++SO42-
Yongeza i-sodium hydroxide ukuze unciphise ii-ion ze-hydrogen kwaye ugqibezele ukubola kwe-potassium persulfate. Phantsi kwemeko yealkaline medium of 120℃-124 ℃, kusetyenziswa potassium persulfate njenge oxidant, hayi kuphela ammonia nitrogen kunye nitrite nitrogen kwisampulu yamanzi oxidized zibe nitrate, kodwa uninzi organic nitrogen khompawundi kwisampulu yamanzi unako. zifakwe kwi-Nitrates. Emva koko sebenzisa i-ultraviolet spectrophotometry ukulinganisa ukufunxa kwi-wavelengths ye-220nm kunye ne-275nm ngokulandelelanayo, kwaye ubale ukufunxwa kwe-nitrojeni ye-nitrate ngokwale fomyula ilandelayo: A=A220-2A275 ukubala umthamo opheleleyo we-nitrogen. I-coefficient yokufunxa i-molar yi-1.47 × 103
2. Ukuphazamiseka kunye nokuphelisa
(1) Xa isampuli yamanzi iqulethe i-ion ye-chromium ene-hexavalent kunye ne-ferric ions, i-1-2 ml ye-5% isisombululo se-hydroxylamine hydrochloride inokongezwa ukuphelisa impembelelo yabo kumlinganiselo.
(2) I-Iodide ions kunye ne-bromide ions ziphazamisa ukuzimisela. Akukho kuphazamiseka xa umxholo we-ion ye-iodide u-0.2 amaxesha e-nitrogen epheleleyo. Akukho kuphazamiseka xa umxholo we-ion ye-bromide u-3.4 amaxesha e-nitrogen epheleleyo.
(3) Impembelelo ye-carbonate kunye ne-bicarbonate ekuzimiseleni inokupheliswa ngokungeza inani elithile le-hydrochloric acid.
(4) I-Sulfate kunye ne-chloride ayinayo impembelelo ekuzimiseleni.
3. Umda wokusetyenziswa kwendlela
Le ndlela ubukhulu becala ilungele ukumiselwa kwenitrogen iyonke kumachibi, amadama, kunye nemilambo. Umda wokufumanisa ophantsi wendlela yi-0.05 mg / L; umda ophezulu wokuzimisela yi-4 mg/L.
4. Izixhobo zomculo
(1) I-spectrophotometer ye-UV.
(2) Uxinzelelo lwesterilizer yomphunga okanye isitofu soxinzelelo lwasekhaya.
(3) Ityhubhu yeglasi ene-stopper kunye nomlomo ophantsi.
5. IiReagents
1 Qokelela amanzi amdaka kwisingxobo seglasi.
(2) I-20% (m / V) i-sodium hydroxide: Ubunzima be-20g ye-sodium hydroxide, chitha emanzini angenayo i-ammonia, kwaye udibanise kwi-100ml.
(3) Isisombululo se-alkaline potassium persulfate: Ubunzima be-40g ye-potassium persulfate kunye ne-15g ye-sodium hydroxide, udibanise emanzini angenayo i-ammonia, kwaye udibanise kwi-1000ml. Isisombululo sigcinwe kwibhotile ye-polyethylene kwaye ingagcinwa iveki enye.
(4) I-1 + 9 i-hydrochloric acid.
(5) Isisombululo esisemgangathweni sePotassium nitrate: a. Isisombululo esiqhelekileyo sesitokisi: Ukulinganisa i-0.7218g ye-nitrate ye-potassium eyomisiwe kwi-105-110 ° C kwiiyure ze-4, ichithe emanzini angenayo i-ammonia, kwaye uyidlulisele kwi-flask ye-volumetric ye-1000ml ukulungisa umthamo. Esi sisombululo siqulethe i-100 mg ye-nitrate ye-nitrogen nge ml. Yongeza i-2ml chloroform njenge-agent ekhuselayo kwaye iya kuzinza ubuncinane kwiinyanga ezi-6. b. Isisombululo esiqhelekileyo se-potassium nitrate: Nciphisa isisombululo sesitokisi ngamaxesha angama-10 ngamanzi angenayo i-ammonia. Esi sisombululo siqulethe i-10 mg ye-nitrate ye-nitrogen nge-ml.
6. Amanyathelo omlinganiselo
(1) Shukumisa isampulu yamanzi angenisiweyo abuyisiweyo kunye nesampulu yamanzi aphumayo ngokulinganayo.
(2) Thatha iityhubhu ezintathu ze-25mL zemibala (qaphela ukuba azikho iityhubhu ezinkulu ze-colorimetric). Yongeza amanzi adibeneyo kwi-tube yokuqala ye-colorimetric kwaye uyongeze kumgca wesikali esisezantsi; yongeza i-1mL yesampula yamanzi e-inlet kwi-tube ye-colorimetric yesibini, uze ungeze amanzi adibeneyo kumgca wesikali esisezantsi; yongeza i-2mL yesampulu yamanzi ephumayo kwityhubhu ye-colorimetric yesithathu, kwaye wongeze amanzi adibeneyo kuyo. Yongeza kwinqaku lokukorekisha elisezantsi.
(3) Yongeza i-5 mL yesiseko se-potassium persulfate kwiityhubhu ezinemibala emithathu ngokulandelelanayo.
(4) Beka iityhubhu ezinemibala emithathu kwibeaker yeplastiki, uze uzifudumeze kwisitovu soxinzelelo. Yenza ukugaya.
(5) Emva kokufudumeza, susa i-gauze kwaye uvumele ukuba uphole ngokwemvelo.
(6) Emva kokupholisa, yongeza i-1 mL ye-1 + 9 i-hydrochloric acid kwityhubhu nganye ye-colorimetric.
(7) Yongeza amanzi adibeneyo kwityhubhu nganye kwezintathu ezinemibala ukuya kuphawu olungaphezulu kwaye ushukumise kakuhle.
(8) Sebenzisa ubude obubini kunye nokulinganisa nge-spectrophotometer. Okokuqala, sebenzisa i-10mm quartz cuvette ene-wavelength ye-275nm (indala kancinane) ukulinganisa indawo engenanto, amanzi angenayo, kunye neesampuli zamanzi zokuphuma kwaye uzibale; emva koko usebenzise i-10mm quartz cuvette enobude obungama-220nm (endala kancinane) ukulinganisa iisampulu zamanzi ezingenanto, zokungena, neziphumayo. Thatha kwaye ukhuphe iisampulu zamanzi kwaye uzibale.
(9) Iziphumo zokubala.
6. Ukumiselwa kwe-ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N)
1. Umgaqo wendlela
Izisombululo ze-alkaline ze-mercury kunye ne-potassium zisabela nge-ammonia ukuze zenze i-colloidal ekhanyayo ebomvu-mdaka. Lo mbala unofunxa olomeleleyo kuluhlu olubanzi lwamaza. Ngokuqhelekileyo i-wavelength esetyenziselwa ukulinganisa ikuluhlu lwe-410-425nm.
2. Ukugcinwa kweesampuli zamanzi
Iisampuli zamanzi ziqokelelwa kwiibhotile ze-polyethylene okanye iibhotile zeglasi kwaye kufuneka zihlalutywe ngokukhawuleza. Ukuba kuyimfuneko, yongeza i-asidi yesulfuric kwisampulu yamanzi ukuze i-asidi ibe yi-pH<2, kwaye uyigcine ku-2-5°C. Iisampulu ezine-Acidified kufuneka zithathwe ukuthintela ukufunxwa kwe-ammonia emoyeni kunye nokungcoliseka.
3. Ukuphazamiseka kunye nokuphelisa
Iikhompawundi ze-Organic ezifana ne-aliphatic amines, i-amines emnandi, i-aldehydes, i-acetone, i-alcohol kunye ne-organic nitrogen amines, kunye nee-ion ze-inorganic ezifana nentsimbi, i-manganese, i-magnesium kunye nesulfure, ibangela ukuphazamiseka ngenxa yokuveliswa kwemibala eyahlukeneyo okanye i-turbidity. Umbala kunye ne-turbidity yamanzi nayo ichaphazela i-Colorimetric. Ukulungiselela le njongo, i-flocculation, sedimentation, filtration okanye i-distillation pretreatment iyafuneka. Izinto eziphazamisayo zokunciphisa izinto eziphazamisayo zinokufudunyezwa phantsi kweemeko ze-acidic ukususa ukuphazamiseka kwee-ion zetsimbi, kunye nenani elifanelekileyo le-agent efihlayo nalo lingadityaniswa ukuze liziphelise.
4. Umda wokusetyenziswa kwendlela
Ugxininiso oluphantsi olubonakalayo lwale ndlela yi-0.025 mg / l (indlela ye-photoometric), kwaye umda ophezulu wokumisela ngu-2 mg / l. Ukusebenzisa i-colorimetry ebonakalayo, i-concentration ephantsi kakhulu ebonakalayo yi-0.02 mg / l. Emva kokucocwa ngokufanelekileyo kweisampulu zamanzi, le ndlela ingasetyenziswa kumanzi angaphezulu, kumanzi aphantsi komhlaba, amanzi amdaka avela kwimizi-mveliso kunye nogutyulo lwasekhaya.
5. Izixhobo zomculo
(1) I-Spectrophotometer.
(2)PH imitha
6. Ii-reagents
Onke amanzi asetyenziselwa ukulungisa ii-reagents kufuneka angabina ammonia.
(1) I-reagent ye-Nessler
Unokukhetha enye yezi ndlela zilandelayo ukulungiselela:
1. Yenza i-20g ye-iodide ye-potassium kwaye uyinyibilikise malunga ne-25ml yamanzi. Yongeza i-mercury dichloride (HgCl2) i-crystal powder (malunga ne-10g) kwiindawo ezincinci ngelixa uvuselela. Xa i-vermilion precipitate ibonakala kwaye kunzima ukuyinyibilika, lixesha lokongeza i-saturated dioxide dropwise. Isisombululo seMercury kwaye udibanise ngokucokisekileyo. Xa i-vermilion precipitate ibonakala kwaye ingasayi kunyibilika, yeka ukongeza isisombululo se-mercuric chloride.
Ukulinganisa enye i-60g ye-potassium hydroxide kwaye uyinyibilikise emanzini, kwaye udibanise kwi-250ml. Emva kokupholisa kwiqondo lokushisa, uthele ngokukhawuleza isisombululo esingentla kwisisombululo se-potassium hydroxide ngelixa uvuselela, yihlambulule ngamanzi kwi-400ml, kwaye udibanise kakuhle. Masime ubusuku bonke, udlulisele i-supernatant kwibhotile ye-polyethylene, kwaye uyigcine ngesithinteli esiqinileyo.
2. Ukulinganisa i-16g ye-sodium hydroxide, yichithe kwi-50ml yamanzi, kwaye ipholile ngokupheleleyo kwiqondo lokushisa.
Kala enye i-7g ye-iodide ye-potassium kunye ne-10g ye-mercury iodide (HgI2) kwaye uyinyibilikise emanzini. Emva koko ugalele ngokucothayo esi sisombululo kwisisombululo sesodium hydroxide ngelixa uvuselela, yihlambulule ngamanzi ukuya kwi-100ml, uyigcine kwibhotile ye-polyethylene, kwaye uyigcine ivalwe ngokuqinileyo.
(2) isisombululo se-Potassium sodium acid
Ukulinganisa i-50g ye-sodium tartrate ye-potassium (KNaC4H4O6.4H2O) kwaye uyichithe kwi-100ml yamanzi, ukushisa kunye nokubilisa ukususa i-ammonia, ipholile kwaye ichithe kwi-100ml.
(3)Isisombululo se-ammonium standard stock
Ubunzima be-3.819g ye-ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) eyomisiweyo kwi-100 degrees celsius, inyibilikise emanzini, uyidlulisele kwi-1000ml ye-volumetric flask, kwaye uhlambulule uphawu. Esi sisombululo siqulathe i-1.00mg ammonia nitrogen nge ml.
(4)Isisombululo esisemgangathweni se-ammonium
I-Pipette 5.00ml yesisombululo se-amine esisemgangathweni kwi-flask ye-volumetric ye-500ml kwaye ihlambulule ngamanzi ukuya kuphawu. Esi sisombululo siqulathe i-0.010mg ammonia nitrogen nge ml.
7. Ukubala
Fumana umxholo we-ammonia nitrogen (mg) ukusuka kwigophe lokulinganisa
I-ammonia nitrogen (N, mg/l)=m/v*1000
Kwifomula, m - ubungakanani be-ammonia nitrogen efunyenwe kwi-calibration (mg), V - umthamo wesampuli yamanzi (ml).
8. Izinto ekufuneka uziqaphele
(1) Umlinganiselo we-sodium iodide kunye ne-iodide ye-potassium inempembelelo enkulu kubuntununtunu bokusabela kombala. Imvula eyenziwe emva kokuphumla kufuneka isuswe.
(2) Iphepha lokuhluza lidla ngokuba neetyuwa zeammonium, ngoko qiniseka ukuba ulihlamba ngamanzi angenayo iammonia xa ulisebenzisa. Zonke izixhobo zeglasi kufuneka zikhuselwe ekungcolisekeni kwe-ammonia kwi-air laboratory.
9. Amanyathelo omlinganiselo
(1) Shukumisa isampulu yamanzi angenisiweyo abuyisiweyo kunye nesampulu yamanzi aphumayo ngokulinganayo.
(2) Galela isampulu yamanzi angenayo kunye nesampulu yamanzi aphumayo kwiibhekile eziyi-100mL ngokulandelelanayo.
(3) Yongeza i-1 mL ye-10% ye-zinc sulfate kunye ne-5 yehla ye-sodium hydroxide kwiibhiki ezimbini ngokulandelanayo, kwaye ugxobhoze ngeentonga ezimbini zeglasi.
(4) Yiyeke ihlale imizuzu emi-3 emva koko uqalise ukuhluza.
(5) Galela isampuli yamanzi amileyo kwifuneli yokucoca. Emva kokucoca, galela ifiltrate kwibeaker esezantsi. Emva koko sebenzisa le beaker ukuqokelela isampulu yamanzi eseleyo kwifuneli. Kude kugqitywe ukuhluzwa, galela ifiltrate kwibeaker esezantsi kwakhona. Galela kude isihluzo. (Ngamanye amazwi, sebenzisa isihluzi kwifuneli enye ukuhlamba ibhekile kabini)
(6) Hlunga iisampulu zamanzi ezishiyekileyo kwiibhekile ngokulandelelanayo.
(7) Thatha iityhubhu ezi-3 zemibala. Yongeza amanzi adibeneyo kwi-tube yokuqala ye-colorimetric kwaye ungeze kwisikali; yongeza i-3-5mL ye-filtrate ye-inlet yesampula yamanzi kwi-tube ye-colorimetric yesibini, uze ungeze amanzi adibeneyo kwisikali; yongeza i-2mL ye-filtrate yesampula yamanzi yokuphuma kwityhubhu ye-colorimetric yesithathu. Emva koko yongeza amanzi adibeneyo kuphawu. (Ubungakanani besampulu yesampulu yamanzi angenayo naphumayo ayilungiswanga)
(8) Yongeza i-1 mL ye-sodium tartrate ye-potassium kunye ne-1.5 mL ye-reagent ye-Nessler kwiityhubhu zombala ezintathu ngokulandelelanayo.
(9) Shake kakuhle kunye nexesha le-10 imizuzu. Sebenzisa i-spectrophotometer ukulinganisa, usebenzisa i-wavelength ye-420nm kunye ne-20mm cuvette. Bala.
(10) Iziphumo zokubala.
7. Ukumiselwa kwenitrogen yenitrate (NO3-N)
1. Umgaqo wendlela
Kwisampuli yamanzi kwi-alkaline medium, i-nitrate inokuncitshiswa ngokobungakanani kwi-ammonia nge-agent yokunciphisa (i-Daisler alloy) phantsi kokufudumala. Emva kwedistillation, ifunxwa kwisisombululo se-boric acid kwaye ilinganiswe kusetyenziswa i-Nessler's reagent photometry okanye i-acid titration. .
2. Ukuphazamiseka kunye nokuphelisa
Phantsi kwezi meko, i-nitrite nayo iyancitshiswa ibe yi-ammonia kwaye kufuneka isuswe kwangethuba. I-ammonia kunye neetyuwa ze-ammonia kwiisampuli zamanzi nazo zinokususwa ngokuchithwa kwangaphambili ngaphambi kokongeza i-Daisch alloy.
Le ndlela ifaneleke ngokukodwa ukumiselwa kwenitrogen yenitrate kwiisampuli zamanzi angcoliseke kakhulu. Kwangaxeshanye, ingasetyenziselwa ukumiselwa kwenitrite nitrogen kwiisampuli zamanzi (isampulu yamanzi imiselwe yialkaline pre-distillation ukususa ammonia kunye neetyuwa ammonium, kwaye ke nitrite Isixa lilonke ityuwa, thabatha isixa yenitrate elinganiswe ngokwahlukeneyo, sisixa se-nitrite).
3. Izixhobo zomculo
Isixhobo se-nitrogen-fixing distillation ngeebhola zenitrogen.
4. IiReagents
(1) Isisombululo se-Sulfamic acid: Ubunzima be-1g ye-sulfamic acid (HOSO2NH2), yinyibilikise emanzini, kwaye udibanise kwi-100ml.
(2) I-1 + 1 i-hydrochloric acid
3
(4) i-Daisch alloy (Cu50: Zn5: Al45) powder.
(5) Isisombululo se-Boric acid: Umlinganiselo we-20g ye-boric acid (H3BO3), uchithe emanzini, kwaye udibanise kwi-1000ml.
5. Amanyathelo omlinganiselo
(1) Gxuma iisampuli ezifunyenweyo ukusuka kwinqanaba lesi-3 kunye nendawo ye-reflux kwaye uzibeke ukuze zicaciswe ixesha elithile.
(2) Thatha iityhubhu ezi-3 zemibala. Yongeza amanzi adibeneyo kwi-tube yokuqala ye-colorimetric kwaye uyongeze kwisikali; yongeza i-3mL yeNombolo ye-3 yokubona i-supernatant kwi-tube ye-colorimetric yesibini, uze ungeze amanzi adibeneyo kwisikali; yongeza i-5mL ye-reflux spotting supernatant kwityhubhu ye-colorimetric yesithathu, emva koko wongeze amanzi adibeneyo kuphawu.
(3) Thatha izitya ezi-3 ezikhupha umphunga kwaye ugalele ulwelo kwiityhubhu ezi-3 zemibala kwizitya eziphuphumayo.
(4) Yongeza i-0.1 mol / L i-sodium hydroxide kwiitya ezintathu eziphuphumayo ngokulandelanayo ukuze ulungelelanise i-pH ukuya kwi-8. (Sebenzisa iphepha lokuvavanya ukuchaneka kwe-pH, uluhlu luphakathi kwe-5.5-9.0. Ngamnye ufuna malunga namaconsi angama-20 e-sodium hydroxide)
(5) Vula ibhafu yamanzi, ubeke isitya esiphuphumayo kwindawo yokuhlambela amanzi, kwaye usethe ubushushu kwi-90 ° C de ibe ngumphunga ukuze yome. (ithatha malunga neeyure ezi-2)
(6) Emva kokuba umphunga ude wome, susa isitya esiba ngumphunga uze usipholise.
(7) Emva kokupholisa, yongeza i-1 mL ye-phenol disulfonic acid kwiitya ezintathu ezikhuphayo ngokulandelanayo, ugaye ngentonga yeglasi ukuze wenze i-reagent idibane ngokupheleleyo nentsalela kwisitya esiphuphumayo, sivumele sime ixesha elithile, kwaye siphinde sigaye kwakhona. Emva kokuyishiya imizuzu eyi-10, Yongeza malunga ne-10 mL yamanzi adibeneyo ngokulandelelanayo.
(8) Yongeza i-3-4mL yamanzi e-ammonia kwizitya ezikhuphayo ngelixa uvuselela, kwaye emva koko uzihambise kwiityhubhu ze-colorimetric ezihambelanayo. Yongeza amanzi adibeneyo kuphawu ngokulandelelana.
(9) Shukumisa ngokulinganayo kwaye ulinganise nge-spectrophotometer, usebenzisa i-10mm cuvette (iglasi eqhelekileyo, intsha kancinane) enobude obungama-410nm. Kwaye gcina ukubala.
(10) Iziphumo zokubala.
8. Ukumiselwa kweoksijini enyibilikileyo (DO)
Ioksijini yemolekyuli enyityilikiswa emanzini ibizwa ngokuba yioksijini enyityilisiweyo. Isiqulatho seoksijini enyibilikisiweyo emanzini endalo sixhomekeke kwibhalansi yeoksijini emanzini nakwiatmosfera.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, indlela ye-iodine isetyenziselwa ukulinganisa ioksijini enyibilikileyo.
1. Umgaqo wendlela
I-Manganese sulfate kunye ne-alkaline potassium iodide yongezwa kwisampuli yamanzi. Ioksijini enyibilikisiweyo emanzini idibanisa i-manganese ephantsi ukuya kwi-high-valent manganese, ivelisa i-brown precipitate ye-tetravalent manganese hydroxide. Emva kokongeza i-asidi, i-hydroxide precipitate iyancibilika kwaye iphendule kunye ne-iodide ion ukuyikhulula. Iodine yasimahla. Ukusebenzisa isitashi njengesalathisi kunye ne-titrating iodine ekhutshiweyo kunye ne-sodium thiosulfate, umxholo we-oksijeni ochithiweyo ungabalwa.
2. Amanyathelo omlinganiselo
(1) Thatha isampuli kwindawo ye-9 kwibhotile yomlomo obanzi kwaye uyiyeke ihlale imizuzu elishumi. (Nceda uqaphele ukuba usebenzisa ibhotile yomlomo obanzi kwaye unike ingqwalasela kwindlela yesampulu)
(2) Faka ingqiniba yeglasi kwisampulu yebhotile yomlomo obanzi, sebenzisa indlela yesiphon ukufunxa i-supernatant kwibhotile yeoksijini enyityilisiweyo, uqale ufunxe kancinci, uhlambulule ibhotile yeoksijini enyibilikisiweyo amaxesha ama-3, kwaye ekugqibeleni ufunxe kwi-supernatant yigcwalise ngeoksijini enyibilikisiweyo. ibhotile.
(3) Yongeza i-1mL ye-manganese sulfate kunye ne-2mL ye-alkaline ye-potassium iodide kwibhotile ye-oxygen enyibilikisiweyo. (Nika ingqalelo kumanyathelo okhuseleko xa usongeza, yongeza ukusuka embindini)
(4) Vala ibhotile yeoksijini enyibilikisiweyo, yivuthulule kwaye uhle, yivuthulule kwakhona rhoqo ngemizuzu embalwa, kwaye uyihlukumeze kathathu.
(5) Yongeza i-2mL ye-sulfuric acid egxininisiweyo kwibhotile ye-oxygen echithwe kwaye ugubungele kakuhle. Yiyeke ihlale kwindawo emnyama imizuzu emihlanu.
(6) Phalaza i-sodium thiosulfate kwi-alkaline buret (kunye ityhubhu yerabha kunye neeglasi zeglasi. Nika ingqalelo umahluko phakathi kwe-asidi kunye ne-alkaline burettes) kumgca wesikali kwaye ulungiselele i-titration.
(7) Emva kokuyiyeka ime imizuzu emi-5, khupha ibhotile yeoksijini enyibilikisiweyo ebekwe ebumnyameni, ugalele ulwelo kwibhotile yeoksijini enyityilisiweyo kwi-100mL yesilinda sokulinganisa seplastiki, kwaye uyihlakulele kathathu. Ekugqibeleni galela kwi-100mL uphawu lwesilinda sokulinganisa.
(8) Galela ulwelo kwi-cylinder yokulinganisa kwi-Erlenmeyer flask.
(9) I-Titrate nge-sodium thiosulfate kwi-flask ye-Erlenmeyer ide ingabi mbala, emva koko yongeza i-dropper yesalathisi sesitashi, emva koko itrate nge-sodium thiosulfate ide iphele, kwaye urekhode ukufundwa.
(10) Iziphumo zokubala.
Ioksijini enyibilikisiweyo (mg/L)=M*V*8*1000/100
M luxinzelelo lwesodium thiosulfate isisombululo (mol/L)
I-V ngumthamo wesisombululo se-sodium thiosulfate esisetyenziswe ngexesha le-titration (mL)
9. I-alkalinity iyonke
1. Amanyathelo omlinganiselo
(1) Shukumisa isampulu yamanzi angenisiweyo abuyisiweyo kunye nesampulu yamanzi aphumayo ngokulinganayo.
(2) Hlunga isampulu yamanzi angenayo (ukuba amanzi angenayo acocekile ngokwentelekiso, akukho hluzo lufunekayo), sebenzisa i-100 mL yesilinda esithweswe izidanga ukuthatha i-100 mL yesihluzi kwiflask ye-Erlenmeyer engama-500. Sebenzisa i-100mL yesilinda esithweswe izidanga ukuthatha i-100mL yesampulu yamanzi amdaka eshukumayo uye kwenye i-500mL yeflask ye-Erlenmeyer.
(3) Yongeza ama-3 amaconsi e-methyl ebomvu-methylene blue indicator kwiiflasks ezimbini ze-Erlenmeyer ngokulandelelana, ezijika zibe luhlaza.
(4) Phala i-0.01mol / L i-hydrogen ion isisombululo esisemgangathweni kwi-alkaline buret (kunye ne-tube ye-rubber kunye ne-glass beads, i-50mL. I-alkaline burette esetyenziselwa ukulinganisa i-oksijini edibeneyo yi-25mL, qaphela ukuhlukana) kuphawu. Ucingo.
5 (Khumbula ukuba ufunde emva kokulinganisa enye kwaye uyigcwalise ukuze i-titrate enye. Isampuli yamanzi yokungena ifuna malunga neemililitha ezingamashumi amane, kwaye isampuli yamanzi yokuphuma ifuna malunga neshumi leemililitha)
(6) Iziphumo zokubala. Ubungakanani besisombululo se-hydrogen ion standard *5 ngumthamo.
10. Ukumiselwa komlinganiselo wokuhlaliswa kodaka (SV30)
1. Amanyathelo omlinganiselo
(1) Thatha isilinda sokulinganisa i-100mL.
(2) Vuthulula isampuli efunyenweyo kwindawo ye-9 yomsele we-oxidation ngokulinganayo kwaye ugalele kwi-cylinder yokulinganisa ukuya kuphawu oluphezulu.
(3) imizuzu engama-30 emva kokuqala ixesha, funda ukufundwa kwesikali kwi-interface kwaye uyirekhode.
11. Ukumiselwa kwesalathisi somthamo we-sludge (SVI)
I-SVI ilinganiswa ngokwahlula umlinganiselo wokumisa i-sludge (SV30) ngokugxininiswa kwe-sludge (MLSS). Kodwa lumka malunga nokuguqula iiyunithi. Iyunithi ye-SVI yi-mL/g.
12. Ukumiselwa koxinzelelo lwe-sludge (MLSS)
1. Amanyathelo omlinganiselo
(1) Gubha isampuli efunyenweyo kwinqanaba le-9 kunye nesampuli kwindawo ye-reflux ngokulinganayo.
(2) Thatha i-100mL nganye yesampuli kwinqanaba le-9 kunye nesampuli kwindawo ye-reflux kwi-cylinder yokulinganisa. (Iisampulu kwindawo ye-9 inokufumaneka ngokulinganisa i-sludge sedimentation ratio)
(3) Sebenzisa i-rotary vane vacuum pump ukucoca isampuli kwindawo ye-9 kunye nesampuli kwindawo ye-reflux kwi-cylinder yokulinganisa ngokulandelelanayo. (Nikela ingqalelo ekukhethweni kwephepha lokucoca. Iphepha lokucoca elisetyenzisiweyo liphepha lokucoca elilinganiswe kwangaphambili. Ukuba i-MLVSS iza kulinganiswa kwisampulu kwinqanaba le-9 kwangolo suku, iphepha lokucoca ubungakanani kufuneka lisetyenziswe ukuhluza isampuli. kwinqanaba 9. Ngapha koko, iphepha lokucoca elisemgangathweni kufuneka lisetyenziswe.
4 Ukushisa kwe-oven yokumisa kuphakama ukuya kwi-105 ° C kwaye iqala ukumisa iiyure ezi-2.
(5) Khupha isampulu yodaka yephepha lokucoca elomileyo kwaye uyibeke kwidesika yeglasi ukuze iphole kangangesiqingatha seyure.
(6) Emva kokupholisa, linganisela uze ubale usebenzisa ibhalansi echanekileyo yombane.
(7) Iziphumo zokubala. Uxinzelelo lwe-sludge (mg / L) = (ukulinganisa ukufunda - ubunzima bephepha lokucoca) * 10000
13. Ukumiselwa kwezinto eziphilayo eziguquguqukayo (MLVSS)
1. Amanyathelo omlinganiselo
(1) Emva kokulinganisa isampuli yodaka lwephepha lokucoca kwindawo ye-9 kunye nebhalansi echanekileyo ye-elektroniki, faka isampuli yodaka lwephepha lokucoca kwi-crucible porcelain encinci.
(2) Vula isithando somlilo sokumelana nohlobo lwebhokisi, lungisa ubushushu ukuya kwi-620 ° C, kwaye ubeke i-porcelain crucible encinci kwisithando somlilo sokumelana nebhokisi malunga neeyure ze-2.
(3) Emva kweeyure ezimbini, vala iziko lokumelana nohlobo lwebhokisi. Emva kokupholisa iiyure ezi-3, vula umnyango wesithando sokumelana nohlobo lwebhokisi kancinci kwaye upholise kwakhona malunga nesiqingatha seyure ukuqinisekisa ukuba ubushushu be-porcelain crucible alidluli i-100 ° C.
4
(5) Iziphumo zokubala.
Izinto eziphilayo eziguquguqukayo (mg/L) = (ubunzima besampulu yodaka lwephepha lokucoca + ubunzima becrucible encinci – ukufunda ibhalansi) * 10000.
Ixesha lokuposa: Mar-19-2024
