I-phosphorus iyonke yisalathisi esibalulekileyo somgangatho wamanzi, onempembelelo enkulu kwindalo engqongileyo yemizimba yamanzi kunye nempilo yabantu. I-phosphorus iyonke yenye yezondlo eziyimfuneko ekukhuleni kwezityalo kunye ne-algae, kodwa ukuba i-phosphorus iyonke emanzini iphezulu kakhulu, iya kukhokelela kwi-eutrophication yomzimba wamanzi, ukukhawulezisa ukuveliswa kwe-algae kunye neebhaktheriya, kubangele i-algal blooms, kunye nefuthe elibi kwindalo esingqongileyo kumzimba wamanzi. Kwaye kwezinye iimeko, njengamanzi okusela kunye namanzi edama lokuqubha, amanqanaba aphezulu e-phosphorus iyonke anokubangela ingozi kwimpilo yabantu, ngakumbi kwiintsana kunye nabasetyhini abakhulelweyo.
Imithombo ye-phosphorus iyonke emanzini
(1) Ungcoliseko lwezolimo
Ungcoliseko lwezolimo lubangelwa ikakhulu kukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwezichumisi zeekhemikhali, kwaye i-phosphorus kwizichumisi zeekhemikhali igeleza emanzini ngamanzi emvula okanye ukunkcenkceshela kwezolimo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kuphela i-10% -25% yesichumisi ingasetyenziswa zizityalo, kwaye i-75% -90% eseleyo ishiywe emhlabeni. Ngokweziphumo zophando zangaphambili, i-24% -71% ye-phosphorus emanzini ivela kwi-fertilition yezolimo, ngoko ke ukungcoliseka kwe-phosphorus emanzini kubangelwa kakhulu ukufuduka kwe-phosphorus emhlabeni emanzini. Ngokwezibalo, izinga lokusetyenziswa kwesichumiso se-phosphate ngokuqhelekileyo li-10% -20 kuphela. Ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo kwesichumiso sephosphate akubangeli nje inkcitho yemithombo yobutyebi, kodwa kubangela ukuba ngaphezulu kwesichumiso sephosphate singcolise imithombo yamanzi ngokubaleka kwamanzi.
(2) ilindle lasekhaya
Amanzi amdaka asekhaya aquka ilindle lezakhiwo zikawonke-wonke, ilindle lasekhaya lezindlu zokuhlala, kunye nogutyulo lwamashishini olulahlwa kwimijelo emdaka. Owona mthombo we-phosphorus kugutyulo lwasekhaya kukusetyenziswa kweemveliso zokuhlamba ezine-phosphorus, ilindle lomntu, kunye nenkunkuma yasekhaya. Iimveliso zokuhlamba zisebenzisa i-sodium phosphate kunye ne-polysodium phosphate, kwaye i-phosphorus kwi-detergent igeleza kumzimba wamanzi kunye nogutyulo.
(3) Amanzi amdaka kwimizi-mveliso
Amanzi amdaka akwimizi-mveliso yenye yezona zinto ziphambili ezibangela i-phosphorus eyongezelelweyo kwimizila yamanzi. Amanzi amdaka emizi-mveliso aneempawu zokuxinana okuphezulu kongcoliseko, iintlobo ezininzi zongcoliseko, kunzima ukuthotywa, kunye nezinto ezintsonkothileyo. Ukuba amanzi amdaka emizi-mveliso akhutshwa ngokuthe ngqo ngaphandle konyango, kuya kubangela impembelelo enkulu kumzimba wamanzi. Imiphumo emibi kwindalo kunye nempilo yabahlali.
Ugutyulo lweNdlela yokuSuswa kwePhosphorus
(1) Umbane
Ngomgaqo-siseko we-electrolysis, izinto ezinobungozi kumanzi amdaka zifumana impendulo yokunciphisa kunye ne-oxidation reaction kwiipali ezingalunganga kunye nezilungileyo ngokulandelelana, kwaye izinto ezinobungozi ziguqulwa zibe zizinto ezingenabungozi ukufezekisa injongo yokucocwa kwamanzi. Inkqubo ye-electrolysis inenzuzo yokusebenza okuphezulu, izixhobo ezilula, ukusebenza okulula, ukususwa okuphezulu, kunye nokuveliswa kwezixhobo; ayidingi ukongeza i-coagulants, i-agent yokucoca kunye nezinye iikhemikhali, igwema impembelelo kwindawo yendalo, kwaye inciphisa iindleko ngexesha elifanayo. Inani elincinci le-sludge liya kuveliswa. Nangona kunjalo, indlela ye-electrolysis idinga ukusebenzisa amandla ombane kunye nezixhobo zetsimbi, iindleko zokusebenza ziphezulu, ukugcinwa kunye nokulawula kunzima, kwaye ingxaki yokusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwentlenga ifuna uphando olongezelelweyo kunye nesisombululo.
(2) Electrodialysis
Kwindlela ye-electrodialysis, ngokusebenza kwentsimi yombane yangaphandle, i-anion kunye neecations kwisisombululo samanzi zihamba kwi-anode kunye ne-cathode ngokulandelelana, ukwenzela ukuba ukuxinwa kwe-ion kumbindi we-electrode kuncitshiswe kakhulu, kunye noxinzelelo lwe-ion. kufuphi electrode yanda. Ukuba i-membrane yokutshintshiselana kwe-ion yongezwa phakathi kwe-electrode, ukuhlukana kunye nokugxininiswa kunokufezekiswa. injongo ye. Umahluko phakathi kwe-electrodialysis kunye ne-electrolysis kukuba nangona i-voltage ye-electrodialysis iphezulu, okwangoku ayikho enkulu, engakwazi ukugcina ukuphendulwa kwe-redox eqhubekayo efunekayo, ngelixa i-electrolysis ichasene. Itekhnoloji ye-Electrodialysis ineengenelo zokungabi nasidingo sazo naziphi na iikhemikhali, izixhobo ezilula kunye nenkqubo yokuhlanganisa, kunye nokusebenza ngokulula. Nangona kunjalo, kukwakho nezinye izinto ezingeloncedo ezinciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwayo ngokubanzi, okufana nokusetyenziswa kwamandla aphezulu, iimfuno eziphezulu zokucocwa kwamanzi akrwada, kunye nozinzo olulambathayo kunyango.
(3) Indlela ye-Adsorption
Indlela ye-adsorption yindlela apho ukungcola okuthile emanzini kubhengezwa kwaye kulungiswe ngama-porous solids (adsorbents) ukususa ukungcola emanzini. Ngokubanzi, indlela ye-adsorption yahlulwe yangamanyathelo amathathu. Okokuqala, i-adsorbent idibene ngokupheleleyo namanzi amdaka ukuze izinto ezingcolileyo zibhengezwe; okwesibini, ukwahlukana kwe-adsorbent kunye namanzi amdaka; okwesithathu, ukuvuselelwa okanye ukuhlaziywa kwe-adsorbent. Ukongeza kwikhabhoni esebenzayo esetyenziswa ngokubanzi njenge-adsorbent, i-synthetic macroporous adsorption resin ikwasetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi-adsorption yonyango lwamanzi. Indlela ye-adsorption inenzuzo yokusebenza okulula, umphumo wonyango olungileyo kunye nonyango olukhawulezayo. Nangona kunjalo, ixabiso liphezulu, kwaye i-adsorption saturation effect iya kuncipha. Ukuba i-resin adsorption isetyenzisiwe, uhlalutyo luyafuneka emva kokuxutywa kwe-adsorption, kwaye uhlalutyo lwenkunkuma yolwelo kunzima ukujongana nayo.
(4) Indlela yokutshintsha i-ion
Indlela yokutshintshiselana ye-ion iphantsi kwesenzo sotshintshiselwano lwe-ion, i-ion emanzini itshintshiselwa nge-phosphorus kumbandela oqinileyo, kwaye i-phosphorus isuswe yi-anion exchange resin, enokuthi isuse ngokukhawuleza i-phosphorus kwaye ibe nokusebenza kakuhle kokususwa kwe-phosphorus. Nangona kunjalo, i-resin yokutshintshiselana ineziphene zetyhefu elula kunye nokuvuselelwa okunzima.
(5) Indlela yeCrystallization
Ukususwa kwephosphorus ngecrystallization kukongeza into efana nomphezulu kunye nesakhiwo sephosphate enganyibilikiyo kumanzi amdaka, ukutshabalalisa imeko ye-ion ye-metastable kumanzi amdaka, kunye ne-precipitate crystals phosphates kumphezulu we-agent ye-crystallization njenge-crystal nucleus, kwaye emva koko yahlula kwaye isuse i-phosphorus. Izinto zamaminerali ezine-calcium zingasetyenziswa njenge-crystallization agents, ezifana ne-phosphate rock, i-bone char, i-slag, njl., Phakathi kwayo i-phosphate rock kunye ne-bone char isebenza ngakumbi. Igcina indawo yomgangatho kwaye kulula ukuyilawula, kodwa ineemfuno eziphezulu ze-pH kunye ne-calcium ion concentration ethile.
(6) Imigxobhozo eyenziweyo
Ukususwa kwe-phosphorus ye-wetland eyakhiwe idibanisa iingenelo zokususa i-phosphorus yebhayoloji, ukususwa kweekhemikhali ze-phosphorus, kunye nokususwa kwe-adsorption ye-phosphorus. Iyanciphisa umxholo we-phosphorus ngokusebenzisa i-biological absorption kunye ne-assimilation, kunye ne-substrate adsorption. Ukususwa kwe-Phosphorus ikakhulu ngokufaka i-substrate adsorption ye-phosphorus.
Isishwankathelo, ezi ndlela zingasentla zinokususa i-phosphorus kumanzi amdaka ngokufanelekileyo kwaye ngokukhawuleza, kodwa zonke zinezinto ezingalunganga. Ukuba enye yeendlela isetyenziswa yodwa, esona sicelo sinokujongana neengxaki ezininzi. Ezi ndlela zingentla zifaneleke ngakumbi ukunyangwa kwangaphambili okanye unyango oluphezulu lokususwa kwe-phosphorus, kwaye kudibaniswa nokususwa kwe-phosphorus yebhayoloji kunokufikelela kwiziphumo ezingcono.
Indlela yokumisela iPhosphorus iyonke
1. I-molybdenum-antimony anti-spectrophotometry: Umgaqo wokuhlalutya kunye nokumiselwa kwe-molybdenum-antimony anti-spectrophotometry kukuba: phantsi kweemeko ze-acidic, i-phosphorus kwiisampulu zamanzi inokusabela nge-molybdenum acid kunye ne-antimony potassium tartrate ngendlela ye-ion ukwenza i-asidi molybdenum. izakhiwo. I-Polyacid, kwaye le nto inokuncitshiswa yi-agent yokunciphisa i-ascorbic acid ukwenza i-blue complex, esiyibiza ngokuba yi-molybdenum blue. Xa usebenzisa le ndlela ukuhlalutya iisampulu zamanzi, iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokugaya kufuneka zisetyenziswe ngokweqondo lokungcoliseka kwamanzi. Ukugaya i-potassium persulfate ngokuqhelekileyo kujoliswe kwiisampuli zamanzi kunye neqondo eliphantsi lokungcola, kwaye ukuba isampuli yamanzi ingcoliseke kakhulu, iya kubonakala ngokuqhelekileyo ngendlela ye-oksijeni ephantsi, iityuwa zetsimbi eziphezulu kunye ne-organic matter. Ngeli xesha, kufuneka sisebenzise i-oxidizing I-reagent digestion enamandla. Emva kokuphuculwa okuqhubekayo kunye nokugqibelela, ukusebenzisa le ndlela ukumisela umxholo we-phosphorus kwiisampuli zamanzi azikwazi nje ukunciphisa ixesha lokubeka iliso, kodwa kunye nokuchaneka okuphezulu, uvakalelo oluhle kunye nomda wokufumanisa ophantsi. Ukusuka kuthelekiso olubanzi, le yeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokufumanisa.
2. Indlela yokunciphisa i-Chloride ye-Ferrous: Xuba isampuli yamanzi kunye ne-asidi ye-sulfuric kwaye uyifudumeze ukuba ibile, uze udibanise i-ferrous chloride kunye ne-sulfuric acid ukunciphisa i-phosphorus iyonke kwi-ion ye-phosphate. Emva koko sebenzisa i-ammonium molybdate yokusabela kombala, kwaye usebenzise i-colorimetry okanye i-spectrophotometry ukulinganisa ukufunxa ukubala ukugxila kwe-phosphorus iyonke.
3. Ukushisa okuphezulu kwe-digestion-spectrophotometry: Gaya isampuli yamanzi kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu ukuguqula i-phosphorus iyonke ibe yi-ioni ye-phosphorus ye-inorganic. Emva koko sebenzisa isisombululo se-acidic potassium dichromate ukunciphisa i-ion ye-phosphate kunye ne-potassium dichromate phantsi kweemeko ze-acidic ukuvelisa i-Cr (III) kunye ne-phosphate. Ixabiso le-absorption ye-Cr (III) lilinganiswe, kwaye umxholo we-phosphorus ubalwa ngegophe eliqhelekileyo.
4. Indlela ye-atomic fluorescence: i-phosphorus iyonke kwisampulu yamanzi iguqulwa kuqala ibe yifom ye-phosphorus ye-inorganic, kwaye ihlalutywe nge-atomic fluorescence analyzer ukujonga umxholo wayo.
5. I-chromatography yegesi: I-phosphorus iyonke kwisampuli yamanzi ihlukaniswe kwaye ifunyenwe nge-chromatography yegesi. Isampuli yamanzi yaphathwa kuqala ukukhupha i-ion ye-phosphate, kwaye emva koko i-acetonitrile-water (9: 1) umxube isetyenziswe njenge-solvent ye-derivatization yangaphambili yekholomu, kwaye ekugqibeleni umxholo we-phosphorus unqunywe yi-chromatography yegesi.
6. I-Isothermal turbidimetry: guqula i-phosphorus iyonke kwisampulu yamanzi kwi-ion ye-phosphate, uze udibanise i-buffer kunye ne-Molybdovanadophosphoric Acid (MVPA) reagent ukuze uphendule ukwenza i-complex etyheli, ukulinganisa ixabiso le-absorpension kunye ne-colorimeter, kwaye emva koko I-curve calibration yasetyenziswa. ukubala umxholo we-phosphorus uwonke.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jul-06-2023
