1. Zeziphi iimpawu ezibonakalayo eziphambili zezalathi zamanzi amdaka?
⑴Ubushushu: Ubushushu bamanzi amdaka bunempembelelo enkulu kwinkqubo yokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka.Ubushushu buchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo umsebenzi we-microorganisms.Ngokubanzi, iqondo lobushushu lamanzi kumaziko okucoca ugutyulo olusezidolophini luphakathi kwe-10 kunye ne-25 ngokukaCelsius.Ubushushu bamanzi amdaka kwimizi-mveliso bunxulumene nenkqubo yokuvelisa ukukhupha amanzi amdaka.
⑵ Umbala: Umbala wamanzi amdaka uxhomekeke kumxholo wezinto ezinyityilisiweyo, izinto eziqinileyo ezinqunyanyisiweyo okanye icolloidal substance emanzini.Ugutyulo olutsha lwasezidolophini luba ngwevu bumnyama.Ukuba ikwimeko ye-anaerobic, umbala uya kuba mnyama kwaye ube mnyama.Imibala yamanzi amdaka kwimizi-mveliso iyahluka.Amanzi amdaka enziwe ngamaphepha adla ngokuba mnyama, amanzi amdaka e-distiller anobutyheli-ntsundu, kwaye amanzi amdaka e-electroplating aluhlaza-luhlaza.
⑶ Ivumba: Ivumba lamanzi amdaka libangelwa kungcoliseko kugutyulo lwasekhaya okanye kumanzi amdaka avela kwimizi-mveliso.Ukubunjwa okuqikelelweyo kwamanzi amdaka kunokumiselwa ngokuthe ngqo ngokuvumba ivumba.Ugutyulo olutsha lwasezidolophini lunevumba elibi.Ukuba ivumba lamaqanda abolileyo livela, lidla ngokubonisa ukuba ilindle livundiswe nge-anaerobically ukuvelisa igesi yehydrogen sulfide.Abaqhubi kufuneka bathobele ngokungqongqo imigaqo yokulwa nentsholongwane xa besebenza.
⑷ I-Turbidity: I-turbidity sisalathisi esichaza inani lamasuntswana amisiweyo kumanzi amdaka.Inokubonwa ngokubanzi ngemitha ye-turbidity, kodwa i-turbidity ayinakuthatha indawo ngokuthe ngqo yoxinaniso lwezinto eziqinileyo ezinqunyanyisiweyo ngenxa yokuba umbala uphazamisana nokufunyanwa kwe-turbidity.
⑸ I-Conductivity: I-conductivity kumanzi amdaka ibonisa inani le-ion ze-inorganic emanzini, ezisondeleleneyo noxinaniso lwezinto ezinyityilisiweyo ze-inorganic kumanzi angenayo.Ukuba i-conductivity iphakama ngokukhawuleza, idla ngokuba ngumqondiso wokukhutshwa kwamanzi amdaka amashishini.
⑹Into eqinileyo: Ifomu (SS, DS, njl.njl.) kunye noxinzelelo lwento eqinileyo kumanzi amdaka ibonisa ubume bamanzi amdaka kwaye ziluncedo kakhulu ekulawuleni inkqubo yonyango.
⑺ Ubumanzi: Ubumdaka kumanzi amdaka bunokwahlulwa ngokweendidi ezine: inyibilikisiwe, i-colloidal, isimahla kunye nemvula.Ezokuqala ezintathu azinaxabiso.Ukungcola okurhaxayo ngokuqhelekileyo kubonisa izinto ezidlulayo phakathi kwemizuzu engama-30 okanye iyure enye.
2. Ziziphi iimpawu zeempawu zeekhemikhali zamanzi amdaka?
Zininzi izalathi zemichiza yamanzi amdaka, ezinokohlulwa zibe ziindidi ezine: ① Iimpawu zomgangatho wamanzi ngokubanzi, njengexabiso le-pH, ukuqina, ialkalinity, intsalela yeklorini, iianion ezahlukeneyo kunye neecations, njl. njl.;② Iimpawu zomxholo we-Organic, imfuno ye-oksijini ye-biochemical BOD5, imfuno ye-oksijini ye-Chemical CODCr, imfuno ye-oksijini iyonke i-TOD kunye ne-organic carbon TOC, njl.;③ Iimpawu zesiqulatho sesondlo sezityalo, ezifana ne-ammonia nitrogen, i-nitrate nitrogen, i-nitrite nitrogen, i-phosphate, njl.;④ Iimpawu zezinto ezinetyhefu, ezifana ne-petroleum, isinyithi esinzima, i-cyanides, i-sulfides, i-polycyclic aromatics hydrocarbons, iikhompawundi ezahlukeneyo ze-chlorinated eziphilayo kunye nezibulala-zinambuzane, njl.
Kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka, iiprojekthi zokuhlalutya ezifanelekileyo kwiimpawu ezifanelekileyo zomgangatho wamanzi kufuneka zimiselwe ngokusekelwe kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo kunye nobuninzi bezinto ezingcolileyo kumanzi angenayo.
3. Ziziphi iimpawu eziphambili zeekhemikhali ezifuna ukuhlalutya kwiindawo zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka ngokubanzi?
Iimpawu eziphambili zeekhemikhali ezifuna ukuhlalutywa kwiindawo zokucocwa kogutyulo jikelele zezi zilandelayo:
⑴ ixabiso le-pH: ixabiso le-pH linokumiselwa ngokulinganisa i-ion ion ye-hydrogen emanzini.Ixabiso le-pH linempembelelo enkulu kunyango lwebhayoloji lwamanzi amdaka, kwaye impendulo ye-nitrification inovakalelo ngakumbi kwixabiso le-pH.Ixabiso le-pH yamanzi amdaka asezidolophini ngokuqhelekileyo liphakathi kwe-6 kunye ne-8. Ukuba lidlula olu luhlu, luhlala lubonisa ukuba umthamo omkhulu wamanzi amdaka aphuma kwimizi-mveliso.Kumanzi amdaka emizi-mveliso aqukethe izinto ezine-acidic okanye i-alkaline, unyango lwe-neutralization luyafuneka ngaphambi kokungena kwinkqubo yonyango yezinto eziphilayo.
⑵Ialkalinity: Ialkalinity ingabonakalisa isakhono sobuffering acid kumanzi amdaka ngexesha lenkqubo yonyango.Ukuba amanzi amdaka ane-alkalinity ephezulu kakhulu, anokuthintela utshintsho kwixabiso le-pH kwaye enze ixabiso le-pH lizinze.I-alkalinity imele umxholo wezinto kwisampulu yamanzi edibanisa ne-hydrogen ion kwiiasidi ezomeleleyo.Ubungakanani be-alkalinity bunokulinganiswa ngobungakanani be-asidi eqinile esetyenziswe yisampuli yamanzi ngexesha lenkqubo ye-titration.
⑶CODCr: I-CODCr sisixa se-organic matter kumanzi amdaka anokufakwa ngeoksijini nge-oxidant potassium dichromate eyomeleleyo, elinganiswa nge-mg/L ye-oksijini.
⑷BOD5: I-BOD5 yinani le-oksijini efunekayo kwi-biodegradation ye-organic matter kumanzi amdaka, kwaye isalathiso se-biodegradability yamanzi amdaka.
⑸Nitrogen: Kwizityalo zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka, utshintsho kunye nokuhanjiswa komxholo wenitrogen kubonelela ngeeparamitha zenkqubo.Umxholo wenitrogen ephilayo kunye ne-ammonia nitrogen kumanzi angenayo ezityalo zokucoca ugutyulo uphezulu, ngelixa umxholo we-nitrate nitrogen kunye ne-nitrite nitrogen uphantsi ngokubanzi.Ukwanda kwe-ammonia nitrogen kwitanki yokuqala yentlenge ibonisa ukuba udaka oluzinzileyo luye lwaba yi-anaerobic, ngelixa ukwanda kwe-nitrojeni ye-nitrate kunye ne-nitrite nitrogen kwitanki yesibini yentlenga ibonisa ukuba i-nitrification yenzekile.Isiqulatho senitrogen kugutyulo lwasekhaya ngokuqhelekileyo luyi-20 ukuya ku-80 mg/L, apho initrogen ephilayo i-8 ukuya ku-35 mg/L, i-ammonia nitrogen yi-12 ukuya ku-50 mg/L, kunye nemixholo ye-nitrojeni ye-nitrate kunye ne-nitrite nitrogen iphantsi kakhulu.Imixholo yenitrogen ephilayo, i-ammonia nitrogen, initrogen yenitrate kunye nenitrogen ye-nitrite kumanzi amdaka emizi-mveliso ayahluka ngokwamanzi ukuya emanzini.Isiqulatho senitrogen kumanzi amdaka emizi-mveliso uphantsi kakhulu.Xa unyango lwebhayoloji lusetyenziswa, isichumiso senitrogen kufuneka sigalelwe ukongeza umxholo wenitrogen ofunwa yi microorganisms., kwaye xa umxholo wenitrogen kumanzi amdaka uphezulu kakhulu, unyango lwe-denitrification luyafuneka ukuthintela i-eutrophication kumzimba wamanzi ofumanayo.
⑹ I-Phosphorus: Umxholo we-phosphorus kugutyulo lwebhayoloji ludla ngokuba yi-2 ukuya kwi-20 mg/L, apho i-organic phosphorus ingu-1 ukuya ku-5 mg/L kunye ne-inorganic phosphorus yi-1 ukuya kwi-15 mg/L.Umxholo we-phosphorus kumanzi amdaka amashishini ahluka kakhulu.Amanye amanzi amdaka emizi-mveliso anomxholo we-phosphorus ophantsi kakhulu.Xa unyango lwe-biological lusetyenziswa, isichumiso se-phosphate kufuneka sifakwe ukongeza umxholo we-phosphorus ofunwa yi-microorganisms.Xa umxholo we-phosphorus kumanzi amdaka uphezulu kakhulu, kwaye unyango lokususwa kwe-phosphorus luyafuneka ukukhusela i-eutrophication kumzimba wamanzi owamkelayo.
⑺Petroleum: Uninzi lweoyile kumanzi amdaka ayinyibiliki emanzini kwaye idada phezu kwamanzi.Ioli emanzini angenayo iya kuchaphazela umphumo we-oxygenation kunye nokunciphisa umsebenzi we-microbial kwi-sludge esebenzayo.I-oyile yoxinaniso lwamanzi amdaka axubeneyo angena kwisakhiwo sonyango lwebhayoloji ngokuqhelekileyo akufanele abe mkhulu kune-30 ukuya kwi-50 mg/L.
⑻ Iintsimbi ezinzima: Iintsimbi ezinzima emanzini amdaka ziphuma ikakhulu kumanzi amdaka emizi-mveliso kwaye ziyityhefu kakhulu.Amaziko okucoca amanzi amdaka adla ngokungabi neendlela ezingcono zonyango.Ngokuqhelekileyo kufuneka baphathwe kwindawo yokusebenzela kwi-workshop yokukhupha ukuze bahlangabezane nemigangatho yesizwe yokukhupha ngaphambi kokungena kwi-drainage system.Ukuba umxholo wetsimbi enzima kumanzi amdaka aphuma kwindawo yokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka ayanda, kudla ngokubonisa ukuba kukho ingxaki yokunyangwa kwangaphambili.
⑼ I-sulfide: Xa i-sulfide emanzini idlula i-0.5mg / L, iya kuba nephunga elizothekileyo lamaqanda abolileyo kwaye i-corrosion, ngamanye amaxesha ibangele i-hydrogen sulfide poisoning.
⑽I-chlorine eshiyekileyo: Xa usebenzisa iklorini yokubulala iintsholongwane, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphinda kuveliswe iintsholongwane ngexesha lenkqubo yokuthutha, intsalela yeklorini kumanzi amdaka (kubandakanywa neklorine eshiyekileyo ekhululekileyo kunye neklorine eshiyekileyo edityanisiweyo) sisalathiso solawulo lwenkqubo yokubulala iintsholongwane, eyenza ngokubanzi. hayi ngaphezulu kwe-0.3mg/L.
4. Ziziphi iimpawu zemicrobial iimpawu zamanzi amdaka?
Iimpawu zebhayoloji zamanzi amdaka zibandakanya inani elipheleleyo lebhaktiriya, inani lebhaktiriya ye-coliform, iintsholongwane ezahlukeneyo ze-pathogenic kunye neentsholongwane, njl.Imigangatho efanelekileyo yesizwe yokulahlwa kwamanzi amdaka ikucacisile oku.Iiplanti zokucocwa kwelindle ngokubanzi aziboni kwaye zilawule izikhombisi zebhayoloji kumanzi angenayo, kodwa ukubulawa kweentsholongwane kuyafuneka phambi kokuba ugutyulo olucociweyo lukhutshelwe ukulawula ungcoliseko lwemizi efumana amanzi ngogutyulo olucociweyo.Ukuba amanzi amdaka esibini onyango lwebhayoloji aphinde anyangwe kwaye asetyenziswe kwakhona, kuyafuneka ngakumbi ukuwabulala iintsholongwane phambi kokuba aphinde asetyenziswe.
⑴ Inani elipheleleyo leebhaktheriya: Inani elipheleleyo lebhaktheriya linokusetyenziswa njengesalathisi sokuvavanya ukucoceka komgangatho wamanzi kunye nokuvavanya umphumo wokucocwa kwamanzi.Ukunyuka kwinani elipheleleyo leebhaktheriya libonisa ukuba i-disinfection effect yamanzi impofu, kodwa ayikwazi ukubonisa ngokuthe ngqo indlela eyingozi ngayo kumzimba womntu.Kufuneka kudityaniswe nenani le-fecal coliforms ukujonga ukuba ukhuselekile kangakanani umgangatho wamanzi kumzimba womntu.
⑵Inani leecoliforms: Inani leecoliforms emanzini lingabonisa ngokungangqalanga ukuba kungenzeka ukuba amanzi aqulathe iintsholongwane zamathumbu (ezifana netyphoid, dysentery, cholera, njl.njl.), kwaye ke zisebenza njengesalathisi sococeko sokuqinisekisa impilo yabantu.Xa ilindle liphinda lisetyenziswe njengamanzi ahlukeneyo okanye amanzi akwindawo yomhlaba, anokudibana nomzimba womntu.Ngeli xesha, inani le-fecal coliforms kufuneka libonwe.
⑶ Iintsholongwane ezahlukeneyo ze-pathogenic kunye neentsholongwane: Izifo ezininzi zentsholongwane zinokosulelwa ngamanzi.Ngokomzekelo, iintsholongwane ezibangela i-hepatitis, ipoliyo kunye nezinye izifo zikhona emathunjini omntu, zingena kwi-lindle yasekhaya ngokusebenzisa ilindle lomguli, kwaye emva koko zikhutshelwe kwindawo yokucoca ilindle..Inkqubo yokucocwa kwelindle inesakhono esilinganiselweyo sokususa ezi ntsholongwane.Xa ukuthuthwa kwamanzi ahlambulukileyo kukhutshwe, ukuba ixabiso lokusetyenziswa kwamanzi afumana amanzi aneemfuno ezikhethekileyo zezi microorganisms ze-pathogenic kunye neentsholongwane, i-disinfection kunye nokuvavanya kuyadingeka.
5. Ziziphi iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ezibonisa umxholo wezinto eziphilayo emanzini?
Emva kokuba izinto eziphilayo zingene kumzimba wamanzi, ziya kuxutywa kwaye ziboliswe phantsi kwesenzo se-microorganisms, ukunciphisa ngokuthe ngcembe i-oksijini echithwe emanzini.Xa i-oxidation ihamba ngokukhawuleza kwaye umzimba wamanzi awukwazi ukufunxa ioksijini eyaneleyo ukusuka kwi-atmosfera ngexesha lokuzalisa i-oksijini esetyenzisiweyo, i-oksijini echithiweyo emanzini inokuhla kakhulu (njengangaphantsi kwe-3 ~ 4mg / L), eya kuchaphazela amanzi. izinto eziphilayo.efunekayo ekukhuleni okuqhelekileyo.Xa i-oksijeni echithwe emanzini iphelile, i-organic matter iqala ukugaywa kwe-anaerobic, ukuvelisa iphunga kunye nokuchaphazela ukucoceka kwendalo.
Ekubeni i-organic matter equlethwe kugutyulo isoloko ingumxube ontsonkothileyo wamacandelo amaninzi, kunzima ukumisela amaxabiso obungakanani becandelo ngalinye ngalinye.Enyanisweni, ezinye izikhombisi ezibanzi ziqhele ukusetyenziswa ukumela ngokungangqalanga umxholo wezinto eziphilayo emanzini.Kukho iintlobo ezimbini zezalathisi ezibanzi ezibonisa umxholo wezinto eziphilayo emanzini.Esinye sisalathisi esibonakaliswa kwimfuno ye-oksijini (i-O2) elingana nobungakanani bezinto eziphilayo emanzini, ezifana nemfuno ye-oksijini ye-biochemical (BOD), imfuno ye-oksijini yeekhemikhali (COD), kunye nesidingo se-oksijini iyonke (TOD).;Olunye uhlobo luphawu olubonakaliswe kwikhabhoni (C), efana ne-organic carbon TOC epheleleyo.Kuhlobo olufanayo lwamanzi amdaka, amaxabiso ezi zalathi ahluke ngokubanzi.Ulandelelwano lwamanani amanani yi-TOD>CODCr>BOD5>TOC
6. Yintoni icarbon organic carbon?
Iyonke i-organic carbon TOC (isifinyezo seTotal Organic Carbon ngesiNgesi) sisalathiso esibanzi esichaza ngokungangqalanga umxholo we-organic matter emanzini.Idatha eyibonisayo ngumxholo wekhabhoni opheleleyo wezinto eziphilayo kugutyulo, kwaye iyunithi ibonakaliswe nge-mg/L yekhabhoni (C)..Umgaqo wokulinganisa TOC kukuba acidify kuqala isampulu yamanzi, sebenzisa nitrogen ukuvuthela off carbonate kwisampulu yamanzi ukuphelisa uphazamiseko, uze utofe isixa esithile sesampulu yamanzi kuhambo lweoksijini kunye nomxholo owaziwayo weoksijini, kwaye uyithumele umbhobho wentsimbi yeplatinam.Itshiswa kwityhubhu yokutshisa i-quartz njenge-catalyst kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu le-900oC ukuya kwi-950oC.I-analyzer ye-infrared gas analyzer isetyenziselwa ukulinganisa inani le-CO2 elenziwe ngexesha lenkqubo yokutsha, kwaye ke umxholo wekhabhoni ubalwa, eyona nto iyonke i-carbon TOC ye-organic carbon (ukufumana iinkcukacha, jonga i-GB13193-91).Ixesha lokulinganisa lithatha imizuzu embalwa kuphela.
I-TOC yogutyulo oluqhelekileyo lwasezidolophini inokufikelela kwi-200mg/L.I-TOC yamanzi amdaka emizi-mveliso inoluhlu olubanzi, kunye nelona liphezulu lifikelela kumashumi amawaka mg/L.I-TOC yelindle emva konyango lwebhayoloji yesibini luqhelekile<50mg> 7. Yintoni imfuno yeoksijini iyonke?
Iyonke imfuno yeoksijini i-TOD (isishunqulelo se-Oxygen Demand iyonke ngesiNgesi) ibhekisa kubungakanani beoksijini efunekayo xa kucuthwa izinto (ubukhulu bezinto eziphilayo) emanzini zitshiswa kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu kwaye zibe ziioksidi ezizinzileyo.Isiphumo silinganiswa nge-mg/L.Ixabiso le-TOD lingabonakalisa i-oksijeni esetyenzisiweyo xa phantse yonke into ephilayo emanzini (kuquka i-carbon C, i-hydrogen H, i-oxygen O, i-nitrogen N, i-phosphorus P, isulfure S, njl.) itshiswa kwi-CO2, H2O, NOx, SO2, njl. ubungakanani.Ingabonwa ukuba ixabiso le-TOD likhulu ngokubanzi kunexabiso le-CODCr.Okwangoku, i-TOD ayizange ibandakanywe kwimigangatho yomgangatho wamanzi kwilizwe lam, kodwa isetyenziswa kuphela kuphando lwethiyori malunga nokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka.
Umgaqo wokulinganisa i-TOD kukujova umlinganiselo othile wesampulu yamanzi kwi-oksijini yokuhamba kunye nomxholo we-oksijeni owaziwayo, kwaye uyithumele kwi-quartz yokutshisa ityhubhu nge-platinum yensimbi njenge-catalyst, kwaye uyitshise ngokukhawuleza kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu le-900oC.I-organic matter kwisampuli yamanzi Oko kukuthi, i-oxidized kwaye idla i-oksijini ekuhambeni kwe-oxygen.Isixa sokuqala seoksijini ekuhambeni kweoksijini kuthatyathwe ioksijini eseleyo yimfuno yeoksijini epheleleyo ye-TOD.Isixa seoksijini ekuhambeni kweoksijini sinokulinganiswa kusetyenziswa i-electrode, ngoko ke umlinganiselo we-TOD uthatha imizuzu embalwa kuphela.
8. Yintoni imfuno yeoksijini yebhayoloji?
Igama elipheleleyo lemfuno ye-oksijini ye-biochemical yimfuno ye-oksijini ye-biochemical, eyi-Biochemical Oxygen Demand ngesiNgesi kwaye ifinyeziwe njenge-BOD.Kuthetha ukuba kwiqondo lokushisa kwe-20oC kwaye phantsi kweemeko ze-aerobic, isetyenziswe kwinkqubo ye-biochemical oxidation ye-aerobic microorganisms ebola into ephilayo emanzini.Isixa seoksijini enyibilikisiweyo sisixa se-oksijini efunekayo ukuzinzisa izinto eziphilayo ezinokubola emanzini.Iyunithi ngu-mg/L.I-BOD ayibandakanyi kuphela inani le-oksijini esetyenzisiweyo kukukhula, ukuveliswa okanye ukuphefumla kwee-microorganisms ze-aerobic emanzini, kodwa iquka ubuninzi be-oksijini esetyenzisiweyo ngokunciphisa izinto ezingaphiliyo ezifana ne-sulfide kunye nentsimbi ye-ferrous, kodwa inxalenye yale nxalenye idla ngokubakho. incinci kakhulu.Ngoko ke, ixabiso elikhulu le-BOD, ubukhulu bezinto eziphilayo emanzini.
Ngaphantsi kweemeko ze-aerobic, i-microorganisms ibola i-organic matter ibe yinkqubo ezimbini: isigaba se-oxidation se-carbon-containing organic matter kunye nesigaba se-nitrification se-nitrogen equkethe izinto eziphilayo.Ngaphantsi kweemeko zendalo ze-20oC, ixesha elifunekayo kwi-organic matter to oxidize to the stage nitrification, oko kukuthi, ukufezekisa ukubola okupheleleyo kunye nokuzinza, ngaphezu kweentsuku ze-100.Nangona kunjalo, enyanisweni, imfuno ye-oksijini yebhayoloji ye-biochemical i-BOD20 yeentsuku ezingama-20 kwi-20oC malunga imele imfuno epheleleyo ye-oksijini ye-biochemical.Kwizicelo zemveliso, iintsuku ze-20 zisabhekwa njengexesha elide kakhulu, kwaye imfuno ye-oksijini ye-biochemical (BOD5) yeentsuku ezi-5 kwi-20 ° C isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo njengesalathisi sokulinganisa umxholo wezinto eziphilayo zamanzi amdaka.Amava abonisa ukuba i-BOD5 yamanzi amdaka asekhaya kunye nogutyulo oluhlukeneyo lwemveliso malunga ne-70 ~ 80% yemfuno epheleleyo ye-biochemical oxygen BOD20.
I-BOD5 iyipharamitha ebalulekileyo yokumisela umthwalo wezityalo zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka.Ixabiso le-BOD5 lingasetyenziselwa ukubala inani le-oksijini efunekayo kwi-oxidation yezinto eziphilayo kumanzi amdaka.Ubungakanani beoksijini efunekayo ukuzinzisa i-carbon-containing organic matter ingabizwa ngokuba yi-carbon BOD5.Ukuba i-oxidized ngakumbi, ukusabela kwe-nitrification kunokwenzeka.Ubungakanani beoksijini efunwa yibhaktheriya ye-nitrifying ukuguqula i-ammonia nitrogen ibe yinitrogen ye-nitrate kunye ne-nitrite nitrogen inokubizwa ngokuba yi-nitrification.BOD5.Izityalo zokucocwa kogutyulo lwesibini ngokubanzi zinokususa i-carbon BOD5 kuphela, kodwa hayi i-nitrification BOD5.Ekubeni ukuphendulwa kwe-nitrification kwenzeka ngokungenakunqandwa ngexesha lenkqubo yonyango ye-biological yokususa i-carbon BOD5, ixabiso elilinganisiweyo le-BOD5 liphezulu kunokusetyenziswa kwe-oksijini yangempela yezinto eziphilayo.
Umlinganiselo weBOD uthatha ixesha elide, kwaye umlinganiselo weBOD5 osetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ufuna iintsuku ezi-5.Ke ngoko, inokusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kuphela kuvavanyo lwesiphumo senkqubo kunye nolawulo lwenkqubo yexesha elide.Kwindawo ethile yokucoca amanzi amdaka, ulungelelwaniso phakathi kwe-BOD5 kunye ne-CODCr inokusekwa, kwaye i-CODCr ingasetyenziselwa ukuqikelela ixabiso le-BOD5 ukukhokela ukulungiswa kwenkqubo yokonyango.
9. Yintoni imfuno yeoksijini yemichiza?
Imfuno yeoksijini yeMichiza ngesiNgesi yiMfuno yeOxygen yeMichiza.Ibhekisela kumlinganiselo we-oxidant esetyenzisiweyo yintsebenziswano phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo emanzini kunye nee-oxidants ezinamandla (ezifana ne-potassium dichromate, i-potassium permanganate, njl.) phantsi kweemeko ezithile, eziguqulelwe kwi-oxygen.kwi mg/L.
Xa i-potassium dichromate isetyenziswa njenge-oxidant, phantse yonke (90% ~ 95%) ye-organic matter emanzini inokuthi i-oxidized.Ubungakanani be-oxidant esetyenzisiweyo ngeli xesha iguqulelwe kwi-oksijini yinto ebizwa ngokuba yimfuno ye-oksijini yeekhemikhali, ehlala ifinyeziwe njenge-CODCr (jonga i-GB 11914-89 kwiindlela zokuhlalutya ezithile).Ixabiso le-CODCr lamanzi amdaka alibandakanyi kuphela ukusetyenziswa kwe-oksijini ye-oxidation phantse yonke into ephilayo emanzini, kodwa iquka ukusetyenziswa kwe-oksijini yokunciphisa izinto ezingabonakaliyo ezifana ne-nitrite, iityuwa ze-ferrous, kunye ne-sulfides emanzini.
10. Yintoni i-potassium permanganate index (ukusetyenziswa kwe-oxygen)?
Imfuno yemichiza yeoksijini ilinganiswa kusetyenziswa i-potassium permanganate njengoko i-oxidant ibizwa ngokuba yi-potassium permanganate index (bona i-GB 11892-89 kwiindlela zokuhlalutya ezithile) okanye ukusetyenziswa kwe-oksijini, isishunqulelo sesiNgesi sithi CODMn okanye i-OC, kunye neyunithi mg/L.
Ekubeni isakhono se-oxidizing se-potassium permanganate sibuthathaka kuneso se-potassium dichromate, ixabiso elithile le-CODMn yesalathiso se-potassium permanganate yesampulu enye yamanzi ngokubanzi iphantsi kunexabiso layo le-CODCr, oko kukuthi, i-CODMn inokumela kuphela i-organic matter okanye i-inorganic matter. ukuba i-oxidized ngokulula emanzini.umxholo.Ke ngoko, ilizwe lam, iYurophu kunye ne-United States kunye namanye amazwe amaninzi asebenzisa i-CODCr njengesalathisi esibanzi sokulawula ukungcoliseka kwezinto eziphilayo, kwaye sebenzisa kuphela isalathiso se-potassium permanganate CODMn njengesalathisi sokuvavanya kunye nokubeka iliso kumxholo wendalo emanzini angaphezulu. njengamanzi olwandle, imilambo, amachibi, njalo njalo okanye amanzi okusela.
Ekubeni i-potassium permanganate iphantse ayinayo impembelelo ye-oxidizing kwizinto eziphilayo ezifana ne-benzene, i-cellulose, i-organic acids, kunye ne-amino acids, ngelixa i-potassium dichromate inokukhupha phantse zonke ezi zinto eziphilayo, i-CODCr isetyenziselwa ukubonisa iqondo lokungcoliswa kwamanzi amdaka kunye nokulawula. ukucocwa kwamanzi amdaka.Iiparamitha zenkqubo zifanelekile ngakumbi.Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba ukuzimisela kwesalathisi se-potassium permanganate i-CODMn ilula kwaye ikhawuleza, i-CODMn isasetyenziselwa ukubonisa iqondo longcoliseko, oko kukuthi, ubuninzi bezinto eziphilayo kumanzi angaphezulu acocekileyo, xa kuhlolwa umgangatho wamanzi.
11. Ukuqonda njani ukubola kwamanzi amdaka ngokuhlalutya i-BOD5 kunye neCODCr yamanzi amdaka?
Xa amanzi equlethe izinto eziyityhefu eziphilayo, ixabiso le-BOD5 kumanzi amdaka ngokubanzi alinakulinganiswa ngokuchanekileyo.Ixabiso le-CODCr linokulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo ngakumbi umxholo we-organic matter emanzini, kodwa ixabiso le-CODCr alikwazi ukwahlula phakathi kwezinto ezibolayo nezingaboli.Abantu baqhele ukulinganisa i-BOD5/CODCr yelindle ukuze bagwebe ukubola kwayo.Kukholelwa ngokubanzi ukuba ukuba i-BOD5/CODCr yelindle inkulu kune-0.3, inokunyangwa ngokuthotywa kwezinto eziphilayo.Ukuba i-BOD5/CODCr yogutyulo ingaphantsi kwe-0.2, inokuqwalaselwa kuphela.Sebenzisa ezinye iindlela zokuhlangabezana nayo.
12.Buyintoni ubudlelwane phakathi kweBOD5 kunye neCODCr?
Imfuno ye-oksijini ye-Biochemical (BOD5) imele isixa se-oksijini efunekayo ngexesha lokubola kwe-biochemical yezinto ezingcolisa izinto eziphilayo kugutyulo.Iyakwazi ukuyichaza ngokuthe ngqo ingxaki kwi-biochemical sense.Ngoko ke, i-BOD5 ayilona nje isalathisi esibalulekileyo somgangatho wamanzi, kodwa kunye nesalathisi se-biology yogutyulo.Iparamitha yolawulo ebaluleke kakhulu ngexesha lokucubungula.Nangona kunjalo, i-BOD5 ikwaphantsi kwemida ethile yokusetyenziswa.Okokuqala, ixesha lokulinganisa lide (iintsuku ezi-5), ezingenakukwazi ukubonisa kunye nokukhokela ukusebenza kwezixhobo zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka ngexesha elifanelekileyo.Okwesibini, ugutyulo oluthile lwemveliso alunayo imiqathango yokukhula kwe-microbial kunye nokuzala (njengobukho bezinto ezinobuthi ezinobuthi).), ixabiso layo le-BOD5 alinakuqinisekiswa.
Imfuno ye-oksijini yemichiza I-CODCr ibonisa umxholo wayo yonke into ephilayo kunye nokunciphisa i-inorganic matter kugutyulo, kodwa ayikwazi ukuyichaza ngokuthe ngqo ingxaki ngengqiqo ye-biochemical efana nemfuno ye-oksijini ye-biochemical BOD5.Ngamanye amazwi, ukuvavanya imfuno yemichiza ye-oksijini ye-CODCr yexabiso lelindle linokuqinisekisa ngokuchanekileyo umxholo we-organic emanzini, kodwa imfuno yekhemikhali ye-oksijini i-CODCr ayinako ukwahlula phakathi kwe-biodegradable organic matter kunye ne-non-biodegradable organic matter.
Imfuno yemichiza yeoksijini ixabiso le-CODCr liphezulu ngokubanzi kunebango le-oksijini yebhayoloji kwixabiso le-BOD5, kwaye umahluko phakathi kwazo ungabonisa ngokubonakalayo umxholo wezinto eziphilayo kugutyulo olungenakonakaliswa ziintsholongwane.Kwimibhobho emdaka enamalungu ongcoliseko amiselweyo, i-CODCr kunye ne-BOD5 ngokubanzi zinobudlelwane obulinganayo obuthile kwaye zingabalwa enye kwenye.Ukongeza, umlinganiselo weCODCr uthatha ixesha elincinci.Ngokwendlela esemgangathweni kazwelonke ye-reflux kwiiyure ze-2, kuthatha kuphela i-3 kwiiyure ze-4 ukusuka kwisampuli ukuya kwisiphumo, ngelixa ukulinganisa ixabiso le-BOD5 kuthatha iintsuku ezi-5.Ke ngoko, ekusebenzeni nasekulawuleni ukucocwa kogutyulo, i-CODCr ihlala isetyenziswa njengesalathisi solawulo.
Ukuze ukhokele imisebenzi yemveliso ngokukhawuleza, ezinye iiplanti zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka ziye zaqulunqa imigangatho yequmrhu yokulinganisa i-CODCr kwi-reflux imizuzu emi-5.Nangona iziphumo ezilinganisiweyo zinempazamo ethile kunye nendlela yomgangatho wesizwe, kuba impazamo yimpazamo ecwangcisiweyo, iziphumo eziqhubekayo zokubeka iliso zingabonakalisa ngokuchanekileyo umgangatho wamanzi.Eyona ndlela yokutshintsha inkqubo yokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka ingancitshiswa ibe ngaphantsi kweyure ye-1, enika isiqinisekiso sexesha lokulungiswa kwangethuba kwiiparamitha zokusebenza zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka kunye nokuthintela utshintsho olukhawulezileyo kumgangatho wamanzi ekubeni luchaphazele inkqubo yokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka.Ngamanye amazwi, umgangatho wamanzi amdaka aphuma kwisixhobo sokucoca ilindle uyaphucuka.Ixabiso.
Ixesha lokuposa: Sep-14-2023
