62.Zeziphi iindlela zokulinganisa icyanide?
Iindlela zokuhlalutya ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwi-cyanide yi-volumetric titration kunye ne-spectrophotometry.I-GB7486-87 kunye ne-GB7487-87 ngokulandelanayo ichaza iindlela zokumisela i-cyanide epheleleyo kunye ne-cyanide.Indlela ye-volumetric titration ifanelekile ukuhlalutya kweesampuli zamanzi ze-cyanide eziphezulu, kunye nomlinganiselo wokulinganisa we-1 ukuya kwi-100 mg / L;indlela ye-spectrophotometric ibandakanya indlela ye-isonicotinic acid-pyrazolone colorimetric kunye ne-arsine-barbituric acid colorimetric method.Kufanelekile ukuhlalutya iisampulu zamanzi e-cyanide ephantsi, kunye nomlinganiselo we-0.004 ~ 0.25mg / L.
Umgaqo we-volumetric titration ku-titrate kunye nesisombululo esiqhelekileyo se-nitrate yesilivere.I-Cyanide ions kunye nesilivere ye-nitrate zivelisa i-ion complex ion zesilivere e-cyanide enyibilikayo.Iiyoni zesilivere ezigqithisileyo zisabela ngesisombululo sesalathisi sesilivere, kwaye isisombululo sitshintsha ukusuka kumthubi ukuya kubomvu orenji.Umgaqo we-spectrophotometry kukuba phantsi kweemeko ezingathathi hlangothi, i-cyanide ithatha i-chloramine T ukuze yenze i-cyanogen chloride, ethi emva koko iphendule kunye ne-apyridine ukuze yenze i-glutenedialdehyde, ehambelana ne-apyridinone okanye i-barbine I-Tomic acid ivelisa idayi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okanye ebomvu-mfusa, kunye nobunzulu bedayi. umbala ulingana nomxholo wecyanide.
Kukho izinto eziphazamisayo kuzo zombini imilinganiselo ye-titration kunye ne-spectrophotometry, kunye nemilinganiselo yonyango yangaphambili efana nokongeza iikhemikhali ezithile kunye ne-pre-distillation iyafuneka.Xa ukuxinwa kwezinto eziphazamisayo akukhulu kakhulu, injongo inokufezekiswa kuphela nge-pre-distillation.
63. Ngawaphi amanyathelo okuthintela ukulinganisa icyanide?
⑴I-Cyanide inetyhefu kakhulu, kwaye i-arsenic nayo iyityhefu.Ulumkiso olongezelelweyo kufuneka lusetyenziswe ngexesha lomsebenzi wokuhlalutya, kwaye kufuneka lwenziwe kwi-fume hood ukuphepha ukungcoliswa kwesikhumba kunye namehlo.Xa ingxinano yezinto eziphazamisayo kwisampuli yamanzi ayikho enkulu kakhulu, i-cyanide elula iguqulwa ibe yi-hydrogen cyanide kwaye ikhutshwe emanzini nge-distillation yangaphambili phantsi kweemeko ze-acidic, kwaye iqokelelwa ngesisombululo sokuhlamba i-sodium hydroxide, kwaye ke ilula. icyanide iguqulwa ibe yihydrogen cyanide.Ukwahlula i-cyanide elula kwi-cyanide entsonkothileyo, yonyusa ugxininiso lwe-cyanide kunye nomda wokubona osezantsi.
⑵ Ukuba ukuxinwa kwezinto eziphazamisayo kwiisampuli zamanzi kukhulu kakhulu, amanyathelo afanelekileyo kufuneka athathwe kuqala ukuphelisa iziphumo zabo.Ubukho bee-oxidants buya kubola icyanide.Ukuba ukrokrela ukuba kukho i-oxidants emanzini, unokongeza inani elifanelekileyo le-sodium thiosulfate ukuphelisa ukuphazamiseka kwayo.Iisampuli zamanzi kufuneka zigcinwe kwiibhotile ze-polyethylene kwaye zihlalutywe kwiiyure ezingama-24 emva kokuqokelela.Ukuba kuyimfuneko, i-sodium hydroxide eqinile okanye isisombululo se-sodium hydroxide kufuneka yongezwe ukunyusa ixabiso le-pH lesampuli yamanzi kwi-12 ~ 12.5.
⑶ Ngexesha lokuhluzwa kweasidi, isulfide inokukhukuliswa ibe ngumphunga ngendlela yehydrogen sulfide ize ifunxe lulwelo lwealkali, ngoko ke kufuneka isuswe kwangethuba.Kukho iindlela ezimbini zokususa isulfure.Enye kukongeza i-oxidant engakwazi ukwenza i-CN- (efana ne-potassium permanganate) phantsi kweemeko ze-acidic ukuze i-oxidize i-S2- kwaye emva koko iyidilize;enye kukongeza isixa esifanelekileyo se-CdCO3 okanye i-CbCO3 yomgubo oqinileyo ukuvelisa isinyithi.I-sulfide iyancipha, kwaye i-precipitate iyahluzwa kwaye emva koko i-distilled.
⑷Ngexesha le-acidic distillation, izinto ezinamafutha zinokuthi zibe ngumphunga.Ngeli xesha, ungasebenzisa (i-1 + 9) i-acetic acid ukulungisa ixabiso le-pH lesampula yamanzi kwi-6 ~ 7, kwaye ngokukhawuleza ungeze i-20% yomthamo wesampuli yamanzi kwi-hexane okanye i-chloroform.Ukukhupha (kungekhona amaxesha amaninzi), ngoko nangoko sebenzisa isisombululo se-sodium hydroxide ukuphakamisa ixabiso le-pH yesampuli yamanzi kwi-12 ~ 12.5 kwaye emva koko i-distill.
⑸ Ngexesha le-acidic distillation yeesampuli zamanzi eziqulethe i-carbonates ephezulu, i-carbon dioxide iya kukhutshwa kwaye iqokelelwe ngesisombululo sokuhlamba i-sodium hydroxide, echaphazela iziphumo zokulinganisa.Xa udibana ne-high-concentration carbonate sewage, i-calcium hydroxide ingasetyenziselwa endaweni ye-sodium hydroxide ukulungisa isampuli yamanzi, ukwenzela ukuba ixabiso le-pH lesampuli yamanzi linyuswe ukuya kwi-12 ~ 12.5 kwaye emva kwemvula, i-supernatant igalelwa kwibhotile yesampuli. .
⑹ Xa ulinganisa i-cyanide usebenzisa i-photometry, ixabiso le-pH lesisombululo sokusabela lichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ixabiso lokufunxa kombala.Ke ngoko, umxube wealkali wesisombululo sokufunxa kufuneka ulawulwe ngokungqongqo kwaye umthamo we-buffer we-phosphate buffer kufuneka uqwalaselwe.Emva kokongeza isixa esithile sesithinteli, kufuneka kunikwe ingqwalaselo ukuze kubonwe ukuba elona nqanaba liphezulu le-pH linokufikelelwa.Ukongeza, emva kokuba isithinteli se-phosphate silungisiwe, ixabiso layo le-pH kufuneka lilinganiswe ngemitha ye-pH ukubona ukuba liyahlangabezana na neemfuno zokuthintela ukutenxa okukhulu ngenxa yezinto ezisebenza ngokucocekileyo okanye ubukho bamanzi ekristale.
⑺Utshintsho kumxholo weklorini okhoyo we-ammonium chloride T ikwangunobangela oqhelekileyo wokungachaneki kokumiselwa kwecyanide.Xa kungabikho uphuhliso lombala okanye uphuhliso lombala alunamgca kwaye uvakalelo luphantsi, ngaphezu kokuphambuka kwixabiso le-pH lesisombululo, lihlala lihambelana nomgangatho we-ammonium chloride T. Ngoko ke, umxholo we-chlorine okhoyo. yeammonium chloride T kufuneka ibe ngaphezu kwe-11%.Ukuba ibolile okanye inemvula emdaka emva kokulungiswa, ayinakuphinda isetyenziswe.
64.Zintoni i-biophases?
Kwinkqubo yonyango yebhayoloji ye-aerobic, kungakhathaliseki ukuba luhlobo luni lwesakhiwo kunye nenkqubo, i-organic matter emanzini amdaka i-oxidized kwaye ibolile ibe yinto engabonakaliyo ngokusebenzisa imisebenzi ye-metabolic ye-activated sludge kunye ne-biofilm microorganisms kwinkqubo yonyango.Ngaloo ndlela amanzi amdaka ayacocwa.Umgangatho wamanzi amdaka anyangweyo unxulumene nohlobo, ubuninzi kunye nomsebenzi we-metabolic we-microorganisms eyenza i-sludge esebenzayo kunye ne-biofilm.Uyilo kunye nolawulo lokusebenza lwemihla ngemihla lwezakhiwo zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka ikakhulu kukubonelela ngemeko engcono yokuhlala kwindawo enodaka kunye ne-biofilm microorganisms ezisebenzayo ukuze zisebenzise amandla azo aphezulu e-metabolic.
Kwinkqubo yonyango lwebhayoloji yamanzi amdaka, i-microorganisms liqela elibanzi: i-sludge esebenzayo iqulethwe ziindidi ze-microorganisms, kunye ne-microorganisms ezahlukeneyo kufuneka zisebenzisane kunye kwaye zihlale kwindawo elungeleleneyo yendalo.Iindidi ezahlukeneyo ze-microorganisms zinemithetho yazo yokukhula kwiinkqubo zonyango lwebhayoloji.Ngokomzekelo, xa i-organic matter iphezulu, iintsholongwane ezitya izinto eziphilayo zilawula kwaye ngokwemvelo zinenani elikhulu le-microorganisms.Xa inani lebhaktheriya likhulu, iprotozoa eyondla ibhaktheriya iya kubonakala ngokuqinisekileyo, kwaye emva koko i-micrometazoa esondla ibhaktheriya kunye neprotozoa iya kubonakala.
Ipateni yokukhula ye-microorganisms kwi-sludge esebenzayo inceda ukuqonda umgangatho wamanzi wenkqubo yokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka ngokusebenzisa i-microscopy microbial.Ukuba inani elikhulu leeflegi lifunyenwe ngexesha lokuhlolwa kwe-microscopic, kuthetha ukuba ukuxinwa kwezinto eziphilayo kumanzi amdaka kusephezulu kwaye unyango olongezelelweyo luyafuneka;xa i-ciliates yokubhukuda ifunyenwe ngexesha lokuhlolwa kwe-microscopic, kuthetha ukuba amanzi amdaka aphathwe kwinqanaba elithile;xa i-sessile ciliates ifunyenwe phantsi kovavanyo lwe-microscopic, Xa inani le-ciliates zokubhukuda lincinci, lithetha ukuba kukho izinto ezincinci zezinto eziphilayo kunye neebhaktheriya ezikhululekile kumanzi amdaka, kwaye amanzi amdaka asondele ekuzinzeni;xa i-rotifers ifunyenwe phantsi kwe-microscope, oko kuthetha ukuba umgangatho wamanzi uzinzile.
65.Yintoni imakroskopu yebhayografi?yintoni umsebenzi?
I-Biophase microscopy ingasetyenziselwa kuphela ukuqikelela imeko yonke yomgangatho wamanzi.Luvavanyo lomgangatho kwaye alunakusetyenziswa njengesalathisi solawulo lomgangatho wamanzi amdaka asuka kwiindawo zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka.Ukuze kubekwe esweni utshintsho kwimicrofauna succession, ukubalwa rhoqo kuyafuneka.
Udaka olusebenzayo kunye ne-biofilm zezona zinto ziphambili kunyango lwamanzi amdaka ebhayoloji.Ukukhula, ukuzala, imisebenzi ye-metabolic ye-microorganisms kwi-sludge kunye nokulandelelana phakathi kweentlobo ze-microbial kunokubonisa ngokuthe ngqo imeko yonyango.Xa kuthelekiswa nokuzimisela koxinzelelo lwezinto eziphilayo kunye nezinto ezinobuthi, i-biophase microscopy ilula kakhulu.Unokuluqonda utshintsho kunye nokukhula kwabemi kunye nokuhla kweprotozoa kwi-sludge esebenzayo nangaliphi na ixesha, kwaye ngoko unokugweba kwangaphambili iqondo lokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka okanye umgangatho wamanzi angenayo.nokuba iimeko zokusebenza ziqhelekile na.Ke ngoko, ukongeza ekusebenziseni iindlela zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali ukulinganisa iipropathi zodaka olusebenzayo, ungasebenzisa i-microscope ukujonga i-morphology yomntu, intshukumo yokukhula kunye nobungakanani obunxulumene ne-microorganisms ukugweba ukusebenza kokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka, ukuze ufumane okungaqhelekanga. iimeko kwangethuba kwaye uthathe amanyathelo kwangexesha.Ukuchasana okufanelekileyo kufuneka kuthathwe ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuzinzile kwesixhobo sonyango kunye nokuphucula umphumo wonyango.
66. Yintoni esifanele sinikele ingqalelo kuyo xa siqwalasela izinto eziphilayo eziphantsi komlinganiselo ophantsi?
Ukuqwalaselwa kokuphakama okuphantsi kukuqwalasela umfanekiso opheleleyo wesigaba sebhayoloji.Nika ingqalelo ubungakanani be-sludge floc, ukuqina kwesakhiwo se-sludge, umlinganiselo we-bacterial jelly kunye ne-filamentous bacteria kunye nesimo sokukhula, kwaye urekhode kwaye wenze iinkcazo eziyimfuneko..I-Sludge ene-sludge flocs ine-sludge yokusebenza kakuhle kunye nokuchasana okunamandla kwimpembelelo ephezulu yomthwalo.
Iiflokhi zodaka zinokwahlulwa zibe ziindidi ezintathu ngokomndilili wazo: iiflokhi zodaka ezinobukhulu obuphakathi>500 μm zibizwa ngokuba ludaka olukhulu oluziinkozo,<150 μm are small-grained sludge, and those between 150 500 medium-grained sludge. .
Iipropati ze-sludge flocs zibhekisela kwimilo, isakhiwo, ukuqina kwe-sludge flocs kunye nenani leebhaktheriya ezinobumba kwi-sludge.Ngexesha lokuhlolwa kwe-microscopic, i-sludge flocs emalunga nengqukuva inokubizwa ngokuba yi-round flocs, kwaye ezo zahluke ngokupheleleyo kwimilo engqukuva zibizwa ngokuba zii-regular-shaped flocs.
I-network voids kwi-flocs exhunywe kwi-suspension ngaphandle kwe-flocs ibizwa ngokuba yizakhiwo ezivulekileyo, kwaye ezo ezingenazo i-voids ezivulekileyo zibizwa ngokuba zizakhiwo ezivaliweyo.Iibhaktheriya ze-micelle kwi-flocs zicwangciswe ngokuxineneyo, kwaye abo banemida ecacileyo phakathi kwe-floc edges kunye nokumiswa kwangaphandle kuthiwa yi-tight flocs, ngelixa abo banemiphetho engacacanga babizwa ngokuba yi-loose flocs.
Ukuziqhelanisa kubonakalise ukuba iiflocs ezingqukuva, ezivaliweyo, kunye nezixineneyo kulula ukuhlangana kwaye zigxile omnye komnye, kwaye zibe nokusebenza kakuhle kokuzinzisa.Ngaphandle koko, ukusebenza kokulungisa kubi.
67. Yintoni esifanele sinikele ingqalelo kuyo xa siqwalasela izinto eziphilayo eziphantsi komlinganiselo ophakamileyo?
Ukuqwalasela ngokukhuliswa okuphezulu, unokubona ngakumbi iimpawu zesakhiwo sezilwanyana ezincinci.Xa uqwalasela, kufuneka ubeke ingqalelo kwimbonakalo kunye nesakhiwo sangaphakathi sezilwanyana ezincinci, njengokuba kukho iiseli zokutya emzimbeni we-bell worms, i-swing ye-ciliates, njl. ubukhulu kunye nombala we-jelly, umlinganiselo we-jelly clumps entsha, njl.Ngelo xesha, nikela ingqalelo kwilungiselelo, imilo kunye neempawu zokuhamba kweeseli kwiibhaktheriya ze-filamentous ukuze uqale ugwebe uhlobo lwebhaktheriya ye-filamentous (ukuchongwa okuqhubekayo kweebhaktheriya ze-filamentous).iintlobo zifuna ukusetyenziswa kwe-lens yeoli kunye nokungcoliswa kweesampuli ze-sludge ezisebenzayo).
68. Uzahlula njani iifilamentous microorganisms ngexesha lokuqwalaselwa kwesigaba sebhayoloji?
I-Filamentous microorganisms kwi-sludge esebenzayo ibandakanya ibhaktheriya ene-filamentous, i-filamentous fungi, i-filamentous algae (i-cyanobacteria) kunye nezinye iiseli ezidityanisiweyo kwaye zenze i-filamentous thalli.Phakathi kwazo, iibhaktheriya ezine-filamentous zixhaphake kakhulu.Kunye neebhaktheriya kwiqela le-colloidal, Lenza icandelo eliphambili le-fludge floc esebenzayo.Iibhaktheriya ezine-Filamentous zinamandla amakhulu okudibanisa kunye nokubola izinto eziphilayo.Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yendawo enkulu yendawo ethile yebhaktheriya ene-filamentous, xa ibhaktheriya ene-filamentous kwi-sludge idlula ubunzima be-jelly ye-bacterial kwaye ilawula ukukhula, ibhaktheriya ene-filamentous iya kuhamba ukusuka kwi-floc ukuya kwi-sludge.Ukongezwa kwangaphandle kuya kuthintela ukudibanisa phakathi kweeflocs kunye nokwandisa ixabiso le-SV kunye nexabiso le-SVI le-sludge.Kwiimeko ezinzima, kuya kubangela ukwanda kwe-sludge.Ke ngoko, inani lebhaktheriya ene-filamentous yeyona nto ibalulekileyo echaphazela ukusebenza kodaka.
Ngokomlinganiselo weebhaktheriya ze-filamentous kwiibhaktheriya ze-gelatinous kwi-sludge esebenzayo, ibhaktheriya ene-filamentous inokwahlulwa ibe ngamanqanaba amahlanu: ①00 - phantse akukho bhaktheriya ye-filamentous kwi-sludge;② ± ibakala - kukho inani elincinci lebhaktheriya engabikho kwi-sludge.IBanga ③+ - Kukho inani eliphakathi kweebhaktheriya ze-filamentous kwi-sludge, kwaye inani elipheleleyo lingaphantsi kweebhaktheriya kwi-jelly mass;IBanga ④ ++ - Kukho inani elikhulu leebhaktheriya ze-filamentous kwi-sludge, kwaye inani elipheleleyo lilingana ngokulinganayo neebhaktheriya kwi-jelly mass;⑤++ IBanga - I-sludge flocs ine-filamentous bacteria njenge-skeleton, kwaye inani lebhaktheriya lidlula kakhulu kwibhaktheriya ye-micelle.
69. Loluphi utshintsho kwii-microorganisms zodaka olusebenzayo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe ngexesha lokuqwalaselwa kwesigaba sebhayoloji?
Kukho iintlobo ezininzi ze-microorganisms kwi-sludge esebenzayo yezityalo zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka asezidolophini.Kulula ukuyiqonda imeko yodaka olusebenzayo ngokujonga utshintsho kwiindidi zemicrobial, iimilo, izixa kunye namazwe ashukumayo.Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yezizathu zomgangatho wamanzi, ii-microorganisms ezithile azinakubonwa kwi-sludge esebenzayo yezityalo zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka, kwaye kunokuba kungabikho zilwanyana ezincinci kwaphela.Oko kukuthi, izigaba zebhayoloji zezityalo ezahlukeneyo zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka kwimizi-mveliso zahluka kakhulu.
⑴Utshintsho kwiintlobo zemicrobial
Iindidi ze-microorganisms kwi-sludge ziya kutshintsha ngomgangatho wamanzi kunye nezigaba zokusebenza.Ngexesha lokulinywa kodaka, njengoko udaka olusebenzayo luqhubeka ngokuthe ngcembe, amanzi amdaka atshintsha ukusuka kwi-turbid ukuya kucoceko, kwaye ii-microorganisms ezikwi-sludge ziyenzeka rhoqo.Ngethuba lokusebenza okuqhelekileyo, utshintsho kwiintlobo ze-microbial ze-sludge nazo zilandela imigaqo ethile, kwaye utshintsho kwiimeko zokusebenza lunokuthi luthathwe kwiinguqu kwiintlobo ze-microbial sludge.Ngokomzekelo, xa isakhiwo se-sludge sikhululeka, kuya kubakho i-ciliates ezininzi zokubhukuda, kwaye xa i-turbidity yamanzi amdaka iba mandundu, i-amoebae kunye ne-flagellates ziya kubonakala ngamanani amakhulu.
⑵Utshintsho kubume bomsebenzi wemicrobial
Xa umgangatho wamanzi utshintsha, imeko yomsebenzi we-microorganisms iya kutshintsha, kwaye kunye nokumila kwee-microorganisms kuya kutshintsha kunye nokutshintsha kwamanzi amdaka.Ukuthatha i-bellworms njengomzekelo, isantya se-cilia swinging, isixa se-bubbles yokutya eqokelelwe emzimbeni, ubukhulu be-telescopic bubbles kunye nezinye iimilo ziya kutshintsha zonke ngotshintsho kwimeko yokukhula.Xa ioksijini echithiweyo emanzini iphezulu kakhulu okanye iphantsi kakhulu, i-vacuole iya kuhlala iphuma kwintloko yentsimbi yentsimbi.Xa kukho izinto ezininzi eziphikisayo kumanzi angenayo okanye ubushushu buphantsi kakhulu, i-clockworms iya kuba yinto engasebenzi, kwaye amaqhekeza okutya angaqokelelwa emizimbeni yabo, ekugqibeleni iya kukhokelela ekufeni kwezinambuzane ngenxa yetyhefu.Xa ixabiso le-pH litshintsha, i-cilia emzimbeni we-clockworm iyayeka ukuguquka.
⑶Utshintsho kwinani leentsholongwane
Kukho iintlobo ezininzi ze-microorganisms kwi-sludge esebenzayo, kodwa utshintsho kwinani lee-microorganisms ezithile zingabonakalisa utshintsho kumgangatho wamanzi.Ngokomzekelo, iibhaktheriya ezine-filamentous ziluncedo kakhulu xa zikhona kwiimali ezifanelekileyo ngexesha lokusebenza okuqhelekileyo, kodwa ubukho babo obukhulu buya kukhokelela ekunciphiseni inani lejeli ye-bacterial jelly, ukwanda kodaka, kunye nomgangatho ophantsi wokungcola.Ukuvela kwee-flagellates kwi-sludge esebenzayo kubonisa ukuba i-sludge iqala ukukhula kwaye ivelise kwakhona, kodwa ukwanda kwenani leeflegi kudla ngokuba luphawu lokunciphisa unyango.Ukubonakala kwenani elikhulu lee-bellworms ngokuqhelekileyo kubonakaliswa ukukhula okuvuthiweyo kwe-sludge esebenzayo.Ngeli xesha, umphumo wonyango ulungile, kwaye inani elincinci le-rotifers lingabonwa ngexesha elifanayo.Ukuba inani elikhulu le-rotifers livela kwi-sludge esebenzayo, oko kuthetha ukuba i-sludge iyaguga okanye i-oxidized over-oxidized, kwaye emva koko i-sludge inokonakala kwaye umgangatho wamanzi amdaka unokuhla.
Ixesha lokuposa: Dec-08-2023
