13.Ngawaphi amanyathelo okhuseleko kumlinganiselo weCODCr?
Umlinganiselo we-CODCr usebenzisa i-potassium dichromate njenge-oxidant, i-sulfate yesilivere njenge-catalyst phantsi kweemeko ze-acidic, ukubilisa kunye nokuguquguquka kweeyure ze-2, kwaye emva koko iguqulelwe ekusebenziseni i-oxygen (GB11914-89) ngokulinganisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-potassium dichromate.Imichiza efana ne-potassium dichromate, i-mercury sulfate kunye ne-concentrated sulfuric acid isetyenziswa kumlinganiselo we-CODCr, onokuba netyhefu kakhulu okanye udleke, kwaye ufuna ukufudumeza kunye ne-reflux, ngoko ke umsebenzi kufuneka wenziwe kwi-fume hood kwaye kufuneka yenziwe ngononophelo olukhulu.Ulwelo oluyinkunkuma Kufuneka lusetyenziswe ngokutsha kwaye ilahlwe ngokwahlukeneyo.
Ukuze kukhuthazwe i-oxidation epheleleyo yezinto zokunciphisa emanzini, i-sulfate yesilivere kufuneka ifakwe njenge-catalyst.Ukuze wenze i-sulfate yesilivere ihanjiswe ngokulinganayo, i-sulfate yesilivere kufuneka ichithwe kwi-concentrated sulfuric acid.Emva kokuba inyibilike ngokupheleleyo (malunga neentsuku ezi-2), i-asidi iya kuqala.ye-asidi yesulfuric kwi-Erlenmeyer flask.Indlela yokuvavanya umgangatho wesizwe ichaza ukuba i-0.4gAg2SO4/30mLH2SO4 kufuneka yongezwe kumlinganiselo ngamnye weCODCr (isampula yamanzi angama-20mL), kodwa idatha efanelekileyo ibonisa ukuba kwiisampuli zamanzi ngokubanzi, ukongeza i-0.3gAg2SO4/30mLH2SO4 yanele ngokupheleleyo, kwaye akukho mfuneko yokuba sebenzisa ngakumbi iSilver sulfate.Kwiisampuli zamanzi amdaka alinganiswa rhoqo, ukuba kukho ulawulo olwaneleyo lwedatha, isixa sesulfate yesilivere sinokuncitshiswa ngokufanelekileyo.
I-CODCr sisalathiso somxholo we-organic matter kugutyulo, ngoko ke ukusetyenziswa kweoksijini yee-ion zekloridi kunye nezinto ezinciphisa i-inorganic kufuneka zisuswe ngexesha lokulinganisa.Ukuphazamisana nezinto ezicutha ezingaphiliyo ezifana ne-Fe2+ kunye ne-S2-, ixabiso elilinganisiweyo le-CODCr linokulungiswa ngokusekelwe kwimfuno yethiyori yethiyori ngokusekwe kugxininiso olulinganisiweyo.Ukuphazamiseka kwe-chloride ion i-Cl-1 ngokuqhelekileyo isuswa yi-mercury sulfate.Xa inani elongezelelweyo li-0.4gHgSO4 nge-20mL isampuli yamanzi, ukuphazamiseka kwe-2000mg / L i-chloride ion inokususwa.Iisampulu zamanzi amdaka alinganiswe rhoqo kunye namacandelo amiselweyo, ukuba umxholo we-ion ye-chloride uncinci okanye isampuli yamanzi ene-dilution factor ephezulu isetyenziselwa ukulinganisa, isixa se-mercury sulfate sinokuncitshiswa ngokufanelekileyo.
14. Yintoni eyona nto isebenzayo yesulfate yesilivere?
Indlela yokwenza isilivere yesulfate kukuba iikhompawundi eziqulathe amaqela e-hydroxyl kwizinto eziphilayo ziqala zifakwe i-oxid nge-potassium dichromate ibe yi-carboxylic acid kwindawo eyomeleleyo eneasidi.Iiasidi ezinamafutha aveliswa kwi-hydroxyl organic matter idibana nesilivere yesulfate ukwenza isilivere yeasidi enamafutha.Ngenxa yesenzo seeathom zesilivere, Iqela le-carboxyl linokwenza lula i-carbon dioxide kunye namanzi, kwaye kwangaxeshanye livelise isilivere entsha ye-asidi enamafutha, kodwa i-athomu yekhabhoni ingaphantsi kuneyangaphambili.Lo mjikelo uyaphinda, ngokuthe ngcembe ufaka ioksijini yonke into ephilayo kwicarbon dioxide nasemanzini.
15.Ngawaphi amanyathelo okhuseleko kumlinganiselo weBOD5?
Umlinganiselo we-BOD5 ngokuqhelekileyo usebenzisa i-dilution standard kunye ne-inoculation method (GB 7488-87).Umsebenzi kukubeka isampulu yamanzi ethe yanqunyanyiswa, yasusa izinto eziyityhefu, yaza yahlanjululwa (kunye nesixa esifanelekileyo se-inoculum equlethe i-aerobic microorganisms eyongeziweyo ukuba kuyimfuneko).Kwibhotile yenkcubeko, gquma ebumnyameni kwi-20 ° C iintsuku ezi-5.Ngokulinganisa umxholo we-oksijeni ochithwe kwiisampuli zamanzi ngaphambi nangemva kwenkcubeko, ukusetyenziswa kwe-oksijini ngaphakathi kweentsuku ezi-5 kunokubalwa, kwaye ke i-BOD5 inokufumaneka ngokusekelwe kwi-dilution factor.
Ukuzimisela kwe-BOD5 yisiphumo esidibeneyo seziphumo zebhayoloji kunye neekhemikhali kwaye kufuneka zenziwe ngokuhambelana ngqongqo kunye neenkcukacha zokusebenza.Ukutshintsha nayiphi na imeko kuya kuchaphazela ukuchaneka kunye nokuthelekisa iziphumo zokulinganisa.Iimeko ezichaphazela ukuzimisela kwe-BOD5 ziquka ixabiso le-pH, ubushushu, uhlobo lwe-microbial kunye nobuninzi, umxholo wetyuwa we-inorganic, i-oksijeni echithwe kunye ne-dilution factor, njl.
Iisampuli zamanzi zokuvavanya i-BOD5 kufuneka zizaliswe kwaye zitywinwe kwiibhotile zesampula, kwaye zigcinwe efrijini kwi-2 ukuya kwi-5 ° C de kube uhlalutyo.Ngokubanzi, uvavanyo kufuneka lwenziwe kwiiyure ezi-6 emva kwesampulu.Kwimeko nayiphi na into, ixesha lokugcinwa kweesampuli zamanzi akufanele lidlule iiyure ezingama-24.
Xa ulinganisa i-BOD5 yamanzi amdaka emizi-mveliso, ekubeni amanzi amdaka emizi-mveliso ahlala equlethe ioksijini encibilikisiweyo encinci kwaye iqulethe i-biodegradable organic matter, ukuze kugcinwe imeko ye-aerobic kwibhotile yenkcubeko, isampulu yamanzi kufuneka ihlanjululwe (okanye igalelwe kwaye ihlanjululwe).Lo msebenzi lolona phawu lukhulu lwendlela esemgangathweni yokuhlanjululwa.Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthembeka kweziphumo ezilinganisiweyo, ukusetyenziswa kwe-oksijini yesampula yamanzi ehlanjululweyo emva kwenkcubeko yeentsuku ze-5 kufuneka ibe mkhulu kune-2 mg / L, kwaye i-oksijeni echithiweyo eseleyo kufuneka ibe mkhulu kune-1 mg / L.
Injongo yokongeza isisombululo se-inoculum kukuqinisekisa ukuba inani elithile le-microorganisms linciphisa into ephilayo emanzini.Isixa sesisombululo se-inoculum sikhethwa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-oksijini ngaphakathi kweentsuku ze-5 kungaphantsi kwe-0.1mg / L.Xa usebenzisa amanzi adibeneyo alungiselelwe yi-metal distiller njengamanzi e-dilution, kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukujonga umxholo we-ion yensimbi kuwo ukuze ugweme ukuvimbela ukuveliswa kwe-microbial kunye ne-metabolism.Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba i-oksijeni echithwe kumanzi ahlanjululweyo isondele kwi-saturation, umoya ococekileyo okanye i-oksijeni ecocekileyo inokungeniswa ukuba kuyimfuneko, kwaye emva koko ifakwe kwi-incubator ye-20oC ixesha elithile ukuze ilungelelanise kunye noxinzelelo lwe-oksijini. umoya.
I-dilution factor inqunywe ngokusekelwe kumgaqo wokuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-oksijeni kukhulu kune-2 mg / L kunye ne-oksijeni eseleyo echithweyo inkulu kune-1 mg / L emva kweentsuku ze-5 zenkcubeko.Ukuba i-dilution factor inkulu kakhulu okanye incinci kakhulu, uvavanyo luya kusilela.Kwaye ngenxa yokuba umjikelezo wokuhlalutya we-BOD5 ude, emva kokuba imeko efanayo yenzeka, ayinakuphinda ihlolwe njengoko injalo.Xa ekuqaleni ulinganisa i-BOD5 yamanzi amdaka akwimizi-mveliso ethile, unokuqala ukulinganisa i-CODCr yayo, kwaye emva koko ubhekisele kwidatha ekhoyo yokubek' iliso yamanzi amdaka anomgangatho wamanzi afanayo ukumisela ekuqaleni ixabiso le-BOD5/CODCr lesampulu yamanzi ukuba ilinganiswe, kwaye ubale. Uluhlu oluqikelelweyo lwe-BOD5 olusekwe koku.kwaye umisele i-dilution factor.
Kwiisampuli zamanzi eziqulethe izinto ezivimbela okanye ezibulala imisebenzi ye-metabolic ye-aerobic microorganisms, iziphumo zokulinganisa ngokuthe ngqo i-BOD5 usebenzisa iindlela eziqhelekileyo ziya kuphambuka kwixabiso langempela.Unyango lwangaphambili oluhambelanayo kufuneka lwenziwe phambi komlinganiselo.Ezi zinto kunye nezinto zinefuthe kwi-BOD5 yokuzimisela.Kubandakanya isinyithi esinzima kunye nezinye izinto ezinetyhefu okanye izinto eziphilayo, i-chlorine eshiyekileyo kunye nezinye izinto ze-oxidizing, ixabiso le-pH eliphezulu kakhulu okanye eliphantsi kakhulu, njl.
16. Kutheni kuyimfuneko ukutofa xa kulinganisa iBOD5 yamanzi amdaka avela kwimizi-mveliso?Ugonywa njani?
Ukuzimisela kwe-BOD5 yinkqubo yokusetyenziswa kwe-oksijini ye-biochemical.Iimicroorganisms kwiisampulu zamanzi zisebenzisa izinto eziphilayo emanzini njengezondlo zokukhula nokuzala.Kwangaxeshanye, zibolisa izinto eziphilayo kwaye zitye ioksijini enyibilikayo emanzini.Ngoko ke, isampuli yamanzi kufuneka iqulethe inani elithile lee-microorganisms ezinokuthobisa into ephilayo kuyo.izakhono ze-microorganisms.
Amanzi amdaka akwimizi-mveliso aqulathe izixa ezahlukeneyo zezinto eziyityhefu, ezinokunqanda ukusebenza kwee-microorganisms.Ke ngoko, inani lee-microorganisms kumanzi amdaka amashishini lincinci kakhulu okanye alikho.Ukuba iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokulinganisa amanzi amdaka asezidolophini atyebileyo amancinci amancinci asetyenzisiweyo, umxholo wendalo oyinyaniso kumanzi amdaka awunakubonwa, okanye ubuncinci.Umzekelo, kwiisampulu zamanzi eziye zanyangwa ngobushushu obuphezulu kunye nokuvala inzala kunye ne-pH yazo iphezulu kakhulu okanye iphantsi kakhulu, ngaphezu kokuthatha amanyathelo onyango lwangaphambili olufana nokupholisa, ukunciphisa amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane, okanye ukulungelelanisa ixabiso le-pH, ukuze kuqinisekiswe. ukuchaneka komlinganiselo we-BOD5, amanyathelo asebenzayo nawo kufuneka athathwe.Ugonyo.
Xa ulinganisa i-BOD5 yamanzi amdaka amashishini, ukuba umxholo wezinto ezinobuthi mkhulu kakhulu, ngamanye amaxesha amachiza asetyenziselwa ukususa;ukuba amanzi amdaka ane-acidic okanye i-alkaline, kufuneka angathathi hlangothi kuqala;kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo isampuli yamanzi kufuneka ihlanjululwe ngaphambi kokuba umgangatho usetyenziswe.Ukuzimisela ngendlela yokucoca.Ukongeza isixa esifanelekileyo sesisombululo se-inoculum esiqulethe iimicroorganisms ze-aerobic ezifuywayo kwisampulu yamanzi (ezifana nomxube wetanki yokuphefumla esetyenziselwa ukunyanga olu hlobo lwamanzi amdaka kwimizi-mveliso) kukwenza isampulu yamanzi iqulathe inani elithile leentsholongwane ezikwaziyo ukuthoba isidima sezinto eziphilayo. umcimbi.Ngaphantsi kwemeko yokuba ezinye iimeko zokulinganisa i-BOD5 zidibene, ezi microorganisms zisetyenziselwa ukubola izinto eziphilayo kumanzi amdaka amashishini, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-oksijini yesampuli yamanzi kulinganiswa iintsuku ze-5 zokulima, kwaye ixabiso le-BOD5 lamanzi amdaka amashishini anokufumaneka. .
Ulwelo oluxutyiweyo lwetanki yokungenisa umoya okanye ukungcola kwetanki yesibini yentlenga yeplanti yokucoca ugutyulo ngumthombo ofanelekileyo wemicroorganisms yokumisela i-BOD5 yamanzi amdaka angena kwindawo yokucocwa kogutyulo.I-inoculation ngokuthe ngqo kunye ne-sewage yasekhaya, ngenxa yokuba i-oksijini encinci okanye ayikho i-oxygen echithiweyo, ixhomekeke ekuveleni kwe-anaerobic microorganisms, kwaye idinga ixesha elide lokulinywa kunye nokunyuka.Ngoko ke, esi sisombululo se-acclimated inoculum sifanelekile kuphela kumanzi amdaka athile amashishini aneemfuno ezithile.
17. Zeziphi izilumkiso zokulungiselela amanzi okuxutywa xa ulinganisa iBOD5?
Umgangatho wamanzi odilution ubaluleke kakhulu ekuchanekeni kweziphumo zomlinganiselo we-BOD5.Ngoko ke, kufuneka ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-oksijini yamanzi e-dilution engenanto kwiintsuku ze-5 kufuneka ibe ngaphantsi kwe-0.2mg / L, kwaye kungcono ukuyilawula ngaphantsi kwe-0.1mg / L.Ukusetyenziswa kwe-oksijeni yamanzi e-diluted e-inoculated iintsuku ze-5 kufuneka ibe phakathi kwe-0.3 ~ 1.0mg / L.
Isitshixo ekuqinisekiseni umgangatho wamanzi okuxutywa kukulawula umxholo ophantsi wezinto eziphilayo kunye nomxholo ophantsi kakhulu wezinto ezivimbela ukuveliswa kwe-microbial.Ngoko ke, kungcono ukusebenzisa amanzi adibeneyo njengamanzi adibeneyo.Akukhuthazwa ukusebenzisa amanzi acocekileyo enziwe kwi-ion exchange resin njengamanzi e-dilution, kuba amanzi adiyiniweyo ahlala equlethe izinto eziphilayo ezahlulwe kwi-resin.Ukuba amanzi ompompo asetyenziselwa ukulungisa amanzi adibeneyo aqulethe izinto ezithile eziguquguqukayo zezinto eziphilayo, ukwenzela ukuba zithintele ukuba zingahlali emanzini adibeneyo, ukulungiswa kwangaphambili kokususa i-organic compounds kufuneka kuqhutywe phambi kokukhutshwa.Kumanzi adibeneyo avela kwi-metal distillers, kufuneka kuhlawulwe ingqalelo ekujongeni umxholo we-ion yensimbi kuwo ukuze ugweme ukuvimbela ukuveliswa kunye ne-metabolism ye-microorganisms kunye nokuchaphazela ukuchaneka kweziphumo zokulinganisa i-BOD5.
Ukuba amanzi okuxutywa asetyenzisiweyo awahambelani neemfuno zokusetyenziswa ngenxa yokuba iqulethe izinto eziphilayo, umphumo unokupheliswa ngokudibanisa umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo wetanki ye-aeration inoculum kwaye uyigcine kwindawo yokushisa okanye i-20oC ixesha elithile.Isixa se-inoculation sisekelwe kumgaqo wokuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-oksijini kwiintsuku ze-5 malunga ne-0.1mg / L.Ukuthintela ukuveliswa kwe-algae, ukugcinwa kufuneka kuqhutywe kwigumbi elimnyama.Ukuba kukho intlenga kumanzi ahlanjululweyo emva kokugcinwa, kuphela i-supernatant ingasetyenziswa kwaye intlenga inokususwa ngokucoca.
Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba i-oksijeni echithwe kumanzi e-dilution isondele kwi-saturation, ukuba kuyimfuneko, ipompo ye-vacuum okanye i-ejector yamanzi ingasetyenziselwa ukukhupha umoya ococekileyo, i-micro air compressor ingasetyenziselwa ukujova umoya ococekileyo, kunye ne-oxygen. ibhotile ingasetyenziselwa ukwazisa i-oksijeni ecocekileyo, kwaye emva koko amanzi ane-oksijini Amanzi ahlanjululweyo afakwe kwi-incubator ye-20oC ixesha elithile ukuvumela i-oksijeni echithwe ukuba ifikelele ekulinganisweni.Amanzi ahlanjululwayo abekwe kwindawo ephantsi yobushushu begumbi ebusika anokuba neoksijini eninzi enyibilikisiweyo, kwaye okuchaseneyo kuyinyaniso kumaxesha obushushu obuphezulu ehlotyeni.Ngoko ke, xa kukho umehluko omkhulu phakathi kweqondo lokushisa kwegumbi kunye ne-20oC, kufuneka ifakwe kwi-incubator ixesha elithile lokuzinzisa kunye nenkcubeko yenkcubeko.ioksijini inxalenye yoxinzelelo loxinzelelo.
18. Indlela yokumisela i-dilution factor xa ulinganisa i-BOD5?
Ukuba i-dilution factor inkulu kakhulu okanye incinci kakhulu, ukusetyenziswa kwe-oksijini kwiintsuku ze-5 kunokuba kuncinci okanye kuninzi kakhulu, kudlula uluhlu oluqhelekileyo lokusetyenziswa kwe-oksijini kwaye kubangele ukuba uvavanyo lusilele.Ekubeni umjikelo wokulinganisa we-BOD5 ude kakhulu, xa imeko enjalo isenzeka, ayinakuphinda ihlolwe njengoko injalo.Ngoko ke, ingqwalasela enkulu kufuneka ihlawulwe ekumiselweni kwe-dilution factor.
Nangona ukubunjwa kwamanzi amdaka emizi-mveliso kunzima, umlinganiselo wexabiso le-BOD5 kwixabiso le-CODCr udla ngokuba phakathi kwe-0.2 kunye ne-0.8.Umlinganiselo wamanzi amdaka asuka kukwenza iphepha, ukuprinta nokudaya, kunye nemizi-mveliso yeekhemikhali uphantsi, ngoxa umlinganiselo wamanzi amdaka asuka kushishino lokutya uphezulu.Xa ulinganisa i-BOD5 yamanzi amdaka aqulathe i-granular organic matter, efana ne-distiller's grain wastewater, umlinganiselo uya kuba ngaphantsi kakhulu kuba i-particulate matter is precipitated emazantsi ebhotile yenkcubeko kwaye ayinakuthatha inxaxheba kwi-biochemical reaction.
Ukuzimisela kwe-dilution factor kusekelwe kwiimeko ezimbini ezinokuthi xa kulinganisa i-BOD5, ukusetyenziswa kwe-oksijini kwiintsuku ze-5 kufuneka kube mkhulu kune-2mg / L kunye ne-oksijeni eseleyo echithwe kufuneka ibe mkhulu kune-1mg / L.I-DO kwibhotile yenkcubeko ngosuku emva kokuhlanjululwa yi-7 ukuya kwi-8.5 mg / L.Ukucinga ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-oksijeni kwiintsuku ze-5 yi-4 mg / L, i-dilution factor yimveliso yexabiso le-CODCr kunye ne-coefficients ezintathu ze-0.05, 0.1125, kunye ne-0.175 ngokulandelanayo.Ngokomzekelo, xa usebenzisa ibhotile yenkcubeko ye-250mL ukulinganisa i-BOD5 yesampula yamanzi kunye ne-CODCr ye-200mg / L, izinto ezintathu zokuxutywa kwezi: ①200 × 0.005 = 10 amaxesha, ②200 × 0.1125 = 22.5 amaxesha, kunye ③200 × 0. 35 amaxesha.Ukuba indlela yokuhlanjululwa ngokuthe ngqo isetyenzisiweyo, imiqulu yeesampuli zamanzi ezithathiweyo zezi: ①250÷10=25mL, ②250÷22.5≈11mL, ③250÷35≈7mL.
Ukuba uthatha iisampulu kunye nenkcubeko kubo ngolu hlobo, kuya kubakho i-1 ukuya kwi-2 yokulinganisa iziphumo ze-oksijini ezichithwe ezihambelana nale migaqo mibini ingasentla.Ukuba kukho i-dilution ratios ezimbini ezihambelana nemigaqo engentla, ixabiso labo eliphakathi kufuneka lithathwe xa kubalwa iziphumo.Ukuba i-oksijeni eseleyo echithiweyo ingaphantsi kwe-1 mg / L okanye i-zero, i-dilution ratio kufuneka inyuswe.Ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-oksijeni echithwe ngexesha lenkcubeko kungaphantsi kwe-2mg / L, enye inokwenzeka kukuba i-dilution factor inkulu kakhulu;enye into enokwenzeka kukuba i-microbial strains ayifanelekanga, inomsebenzi ombi, okanye ukuxinwa kwezinto eziyityhefu kuphezulu kakhulu.Ngeli xesha, kunokubakho iingxaki kunye nezinto ezinkulu zokuxutywa.Ibhotile yenkcubeko itya ioksijini enyityilisiweyo.
Ukuba i-dilution yamanzi i-inoculation dilution yamanzi, ekubeni ukusetyenziswa kwe-oksijini yesampuli yamanzi engenanto yi-0.3 ~ 1.0mg / L, i-coefficients dilution yi-0.05, 0.125 kunye ne-0.2 ngokulandelanayo.
Ukuba ixabiso elithile le-CODCr okanye uluhlu oluqikelelweyo lwesampulu yamanzi luyaziwa, kunokuba lula ukuhlalutya ixabiso layo le-BOD5 ngokumalunga ne-dilution factor engentla.Xa uluhlu lweCODCr lwesampulu yamanzi lungaziwa, ukwenzela ukunciphisa ixesha lokuhlalutya, kunokuqikelelwa ngexesha lenkqubo yokulinganisa i-CODCr.Indlela ethile yile: lungisa kuqala isisombululo esisemgangathweni esiqulethe i-0.4251g ye-potassium hydrogen phthalate ilitha nganye (ixabiso le-CODCr lesi sisombululo ngu-500mg / L), kwaye emva koko uyihlambulule ngokulingana nexabiso le-CODCr le-400mg / L, 300mg / L, kunye ne-200mg./ L, 100mg/L dilute isisombululo.I-Pipette 20.0 mL yesisombululo esiqhelekileyo esinexabiso le-CODCr le-100 mg/L ukuya kwi-500 mg/L, yongeza i-reagents ngokwendlela eqhelekileyo, kwaye ulinganise ixabiso le-CODCr.Emva kokufudumeza, ukubilisa kunye ne-refluxing imizuzu engama-30, zipholisa ngokwemvelo kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi kwaye emva koko ugqume kwaye ugcine ukulungiselela uluhlu oluqhelekileyo lwe-colorimetric.Kwinkqubo yokulinganisa ixabiso le-CODCr lesampulu yamanzi ngokwendlela eqhelekileyo, xa i-reflux ebilayo iqhubeka imizuzu engama-30, thelekisa kunye nolandelelwano lombala wexabiso le-CODCr eliqhelekileyo ukuqikelela ixabiso le-CODCr lesampuli yamanzi, kwaye unqume ukuba i-dilution factor xa uvavanya i-BOD5 ngokusekelwe kule nto..Ukuprinta kunye nokudaya, ukwenza iphepha, imichiza kunye namanye amanzi amdaka avela kwimizi-mveliso aqulethe izinto eziphilayo ezinzima, ukuba kuyimfuneko, yenza uvavanyo lwe-colorimetric emva kokubilisa kunye nokuxutywa kwemizuzu engama-60.
Ixesha lokuposa: Sep-21-2023
